Министерство образования Республики Беларусь

Учреждение образования
“Гомельский государственный
университет имени Франциска Скорины”

Институт повышения квалификации 
и переподготовки кадров

В. Г.  Гуд, Г. В.  Ловгач   

ПРАКТИКА УСТНОЙ И ПИСЬМЕННОЙ 
АНГЛИЙСКОЙ РЕЧИ

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ для слушателей
 ИПК и ПК специальности 1- 21 06 74
“Современный иностранный язык
 (внешнеэкономическая деятельность)” 

В 2 частях

Часть 1

Гомель 
УО “ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины”
2009
    УДК  802.0 (075. 8)
    ББК  81.432.1 – 923
           Г 935

	Рецензент: 
            кафедра теории и практики английского языка
            учреждения образования “Гомельский государственный
            университет имени  Франциска Скорины”

      	     Рекомендовано к изданию научно-методическим советом 
            учреждения образования “ Гомельский государственный 
            университет имени Франциска Скорины”
    
		     Гуд,  В. Г.
Г 935          Практика устной и письменной английской речи: практи-
            ческое   пособие   для  слушателей ИПК и ПК специальности 
            1-21 06 74 “Современный иностранный язык (внешнеэкономи-
            ческая деятельность)”. В 2 ч. Часть 1/ В. Г. Гуд, Г. В. Ловгач; 
            М-во образ. РБ, Гомельский  гос. ун-т им. Ф. Скорины.  –   
            Гомель: ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины, 2009. –  115с.            

      
           
                 Практическое   пособие   разработано  в  соответствии  с  практической 
         направленностью   обучения  иностранному  языку  как   средству общения,
         информационного  обмена и познавательной деятельности и направлено  на 
         развитие  и  совершенствование    навыков  чтения  и   умений  в    устной  и 
         письменной  речи  и  адресовано  слушателям  ИПК  и  ПК  специальности 
         1-21 06 74 “Современный  иностранный   язык (внешнеэкономическая дея- 
         тельность)” 

                                                                                   УДК  802. 0 (075. 8)
                                                                                    ББК 81.432. 1 – 923

                                                    © Гуд В. Г., Ловгач Г. В. 2009
                                               ©  УО “ Гомельский государственный 
                                                   университет им. Ф. Скорины”, 2009
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение……………………………………………….……………	4	
Part 1 Higher Education  ………………………………………………	5	
Unit 1 Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises………………………
Unit 2 Admission Procedures   ………………………………………….	5
10	
Unit 3 British University Life……………………………………………	13	
Unit 4 American Higher Education……...................................................	16	
Unit 5 Open University ………………………………………………….	     20	
Part 2 Ecological Problems……………………………………………
Unit 1 Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises ……….......................                               
Unit 2 British Climate………………………………………………….... 
Unit 3  Seasons of the Year……………………………………………...                                        
Unit 4 Weather Forecast and Weather  Signs............................................
Part 3 Visiting Places and Seeing the Sights………………………..
Unit 1 Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises ……………………...
Unit 2 Going Sightseeing………………………………………………...
Unit 3 City Transport ……………………………………………………	     23
     23
     28
     32
     35
     41
     41
     47
     51	
Part 4 Man and Everyday Life ………………………………………
Unit 1 Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises ……………………...
Unit 2 Working day……………………………………………………...
Unit 3 Daily Routine……………………………………………………..
Unit 4 Spring Cleaning and Duties about the House.................................
Part 5 Person’s Accommodation ……………………………………..
Unit 1 Rooms and Furniture……………………………………………..
Unit 2 English Dwellings………………………………………………..
Unit 3 How to Sell and How to Buy a House……………………………
Unit 4 Renting a Flat / House……………………………………………
Unit 5 The House of the Future………………………………………….
Part 6 Shopping……………………………………………………….
Unit 1 Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises ……….......................
Unit 2 Where to Buy?................................................................................
Unit 3 Buying a Present………………………………………………….
Unit 4 New Trends in Shopping…………………………………………	57
57
61
66
70
73
73
75
78
82
86
90
90
96
100
103	
Part 7 Leisure Time, Entertainments, Holidays …………………..	107	
Unit 1 Leisure and Entertainments………………………………………
Unit 2 Holiday Making…………………………………………………..
Литература………………………………………………………….	107
111
114	

		
      Введение

  Практическое пособие разработано в соответствии с практической направленностью обучения иностранному языку как средству общения, информационного обмена и познавательной деятельности и направлено на развитие и совершенствование навыков чтения и  умений в устной и письменной речи.
 Практическое пособие построено на основе ситуативно-коммуникативного принципа и  его целью является развитие навыков монологической, диалогической и письменной речи в соответствии с учебным планом переподготовки специалистов.
  Практическое пособие представляет собой  композицию семи тематических разделов: “Higher education”, “Ecological problems”, “Visiting places and seeing the sights”, “Man and everyday life”, “Person’s accommodation”, ”Shopping”, “Leisure time, entertainments, holidays” и призвано помочь слушателям систематизировать  словарный запас, характерный для  данной разговорной тематики,  определить семантико-синтаксические особенности словарного состава языка в соответствии с названными сферами общения и их социокультурные реалии. Каждый из разделов состоит из тематических ситуаций и по каждому из них предусмотрен вокабуляр – слова и выражения, расширяющие словарный запас слушателей по указанной тематике.  Объем словаря, над которым проводится работа, распределен равномерно по разделам пособия. Все  задания и упражнения, отдельно взятой ситуации общения, располагаются по принципу возрастающей сложности, обеспечивая закрепление  и активизацию необходимых речевых единств, и в конечном итоге подготавливают к устному и/ или письменному высказыванию по данной ситуации.
 При составлении  данного  пособия  авторы  использовали    аутентичные  тексты из современных учебных пособий.
      Практическое пособие адресовано слушателям ИПК и ПК специальности 1-21 06 74 “Современный иностранный язык (внешнеэкономическая деятельность)” и может использоваться как на практических занятиях, так и для организации самостоятельной работы.

      Part 1 Higher Education

      Unit 1   Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises

      Topical vocabulary

secondary/ higher education           higher/university/college education
compulsory education                     free/free of charge education
fee                                                    stipend/scholarship
(post-)graduate course                     academy
be good at                                        have a good command of 
be at home in                                   miss
read up for exams                            do well in
make good/poor progress in            take/have an exam
pass an exam                                   fail an exam
con                                                   crib
be keen on                                        expel from
be in one’s first/last year                  graduate from
take a degree                                     mark/grade
make a report                                   diploma, thesis
dean                                                  dean’s office
senior teacher                                   tutor
get/acquire knowledge                     ignorance
(un) educated                                    (in)experienced
qualified                                           well-trained
diligent/industrious                          monitor
sandwich course                               record book
top student                                        problem student/dead weight 
Campus                                            be sociable/a good mixer
have a degree in                               study for an exam
pick up a language                           sit an exam
look up words in a dictionary          make the best of the time
waste time                                        make a guess

Short dialogues
1
 -    Have you written your composition, Ben? It’s due today.
 -    Of course. And what about you?
 -     Not yet. I didn’t think it would be so difficult and started it only yesterday. 
 -   Well, it will teach you a lesson. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today, you   know.

2
 -     As sure as eggs is eggs, Bob won’t do well at the exam.
 -     Why do you think so?
 -     He has missed much and doesn’t attend the extra lessons now.
 -     No fear. He’s quite at home in the subject.

3
 -     How about reading up for the entrance exams together?
 -    Fine. And let’s ask Jane to join us too, she has passed her finals with honours.
 -     I don’t mind. But she thinks too much of herself, doesn’t she?
 -      Not in the least. She is a good friend and never refuses to help anybody. 

4
 -   Hello, Harry! Why didn’t you come to us yesterday? We had a nice table-tennis game.
 -   You see, my brother took me to a lecture on higher mathematics.
 -   Was it interesting?
 -     Frankly speaking, not. It was all Greek to me and went over my head.
                                                
    Lexical  Exercises
    Ex. 1 Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each               sentence. 

1	Jack decided to take a course / lesson in hotel management.
2	Sheila always got good marks / points in algebra.
3	After leaving school, Ann studied / was trained as a teacher.
     4  Peter decided not to go in / enter  for the examination. 
     5  My sister learned / taught me how to draw.
     6   I can’t come to the cinema. I have to read up / study for a test.
     7   In history we had to learn a lot of dates by hand / heart.
     8   I hope your work will improve by the end of the course / term.
     9   Martin failed / missed his math exam and had to sit it again.

     Ex. 2 Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word   once only.

Cheat      copy      memorize     pay     revise    concentrate     divide      pass     punish     underline

      1   Our teacher used to … us by making us stay behind after school.
      2   The teacher saw Jerry trying to … in the test.
      3   Try to … the most important rules.
      4    It is difficult to … attention in a noisy classroom.
      5    Pauline tried her best to … the end of the year examinations.
      6   Your work is the same as Harry’s. Did you … his work?
      7   Your mind is wandering! You must … more!
      8   Helen decided to  … all her work at the end of every week.
      9   It is a good idea to … important parts of the book in red.
     10  If you … twenty seven by nine, the answer is three. 
                 
 Ex. 3 Mach each person from the list with a suitable description. Use each name once only.

Classmate   examiner   learner   principal   pupil   coach   graduate   lecturer   professor   tutor

1  Someone who teaches at a university;
2  Someone who has a college degree; 
3  The head of a school;
4  Someone who studies at primary or secondary school;  
5  The most important teacher in a university department; 
6  Someone who teaches one student or a very small class; 
7  Someone in the same class as yourself;
8  Someone who trains a sports team; 
9  Someone who writes the question papers of an examination;
10 Someone who drives but it is not yet passed a driving test. 

      Ex. 4 Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.

 1  Helen’s parents were very pleased when they read her school … .
 a) report    b) papers    c) diploma    d) account
 2  Martin has quite a good  …  of physics.
 a) result    b) pass    c) understanding    d) head
 3  In Britain children start  …  school at the age of five.
 a) kindergarten    b) secondary    c) nursery   d) primary
 4  Edward has a … in French from Leeds University.
 a) certificate   b) degree   c) mark    d) paper
 5  My favourite … at school was history.
 a) topic   b) class   c) theme    d) subject
 6  It’s time for break. The bell has …
 a) gone      b) struck    c) rung    d) sounded

 Ex. 5 Use the words given below to form words which fit in the spaces.
 School Report

 Margaret started English literature this term, and I am afraid that her (1) … to the subject has not been entirely (2) … . She has not shown much enthusiasm, and does not always pay (3) … in class.  Her assignments are often (4) …, because she is so untidy, and because of her (5) … to check her work thoroughly. She failed to do any (6) … before the end of term test, and had poor results. She seems to have the (7) … idea that she can succeed without studying.  She has also had many (8) … and has frequently arrived late for class. This has resulted in several severe (9) … . Also Margaret is a (10)…  student in some respect, she has not had a satisfactory term.

(1)introduce, (2)success, (3)attend, (4)read, (5)fail, (6)revise, (7)mistake, (8)absent, (9)punish, (10)gift.

 Ex. 6 Complete each sentence with a form of do, make or take.

      1  Have you … Exercise 3 yet? 
      2  I can’t come this afternoon. I am … an English exam.
 3  Jack has .. very well this term. 
 4  I am afraid that you haven’t … any progress.
 5  Sue didn’t know the answer, so she … a guess.
 6  You all look tired. Let’s … a break.
 7  This is a good composition, but you have… a lot of errors.
 8  I think you should … yourself more seriously.
 9  The teacher gave a lecture, and the class … notes.
 10 Paul finds math difficult, but he … his best.

      Ex. 7 Complete each sentence with one word.

 1  If you have a problem, put … your hand.
 2  Please pay attention … what your teacher says.
 3  Mary has a degree… civil engineering.
 4  David was punished … throwing chalk at the teacher.
 5  I was very good … math when I was at school.
 6  What’s the answer if you multiply 18 … 16.
 7  We had to write a composition … “Our Ideal School”.
 8  Please write this … your exercise books.
 9  You might not understand things even if you learn them … heart.
     10 When Sue visited Italy, she soon picked … the language.

      Ex. 8 Decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.

 There is usually one important (1) … missing from most school (2) … . Very few students are (3) … how to organize their learning, and how to (4) … the best use of their time. Let’s take some simple (5) … . Do you know how to (6) … up words in a dictionary, and do you understand all the (7) … the dictionary contains? Can you (8) … notes quickly, and can you understand them (9) …? For some reasons, many schools give learners no (10)  … with these matters. Teachers ask students to (11)… pages from books, or tell them to write ten pages, but don’t explain (12) … to do it. Learning by (13) … can be useful, but it is more important to have a genuine (14) … of a subject. You can (15) … a lot of time memorizing books, without understanding anything about the subject!
 1 a) theme              b) book               c) subject               d) mark
 2 a) agendas           b) timetables       c)  terms                d) organizations
 3 a) taught              b) learnt              c) educated            d) graduated
 4 a) take                  b) give                c) get                     d) make
 5 a) sentences         b) results             c) rules                  d) examples
 6 a) find                  b) look                c) research             d) get
 7 a) information     b) advice              c) subjects            d) themes
 8 a) do                    b) send                 c) make                 d) revise
 9 a) after                 b) afterwards       c) lastly                 d) at last
 10 a) teaching         b) ability              c) instruction        d) help
 11 a) concentrate    b) remind             c) forget                d) memorize
 12 a) how                b) what                c) why                  d) it
 13 a) way                b) heart                c) now                  d) law
 14 a) information    b) success           c) understanding   d) attention
 15 a) pass                b) waste               c) tell                   d) use
      Ex. 9 Translate into English.

      1   Он сделал перевод статьи известного учёного.
 2    Все студенты этой группы сделали заметные успехи в грамматике.
 3    Почему Вы сделали эту ошибку, разве Вы  не запомнили правило?
 4   Ты что – либо понял в лекции по лингвистике?
 5  Готовься лучше к семинару по истории, а то преподаватель опять будет к тебе придираться.
 6   Это послужит Вам уроком на будущее и возможно в следующий раз Вам не  придется пересдавать экзамен.
 7   Давай готовиться к сессии вместе!
 8   Обучение на дневном отделении – 5 лет, а на заочном – 6 лет.
 9   Плата за обучение в частных школах велика.
      10    Каждый  может получить бесплатное образование в нашей стране.

      Unit 2 Admission Procedure

 Pretext Exercises

      Ex. 1 Read and memorize the words and word-combinations.

      Certificate, selection procedure, to apply for, central council, academic department, conditional offer, definite offer, to come out, admissions department.

 Ex. 2 Form nouns from the following verbs.

 To admit, to prefer, to require, to refuse, to reject, to apply, to refer, to offer.
 
      Ex. 3 Read the text and find out if there are any similarities in admission procedures in Britain and Belarus.

      TEXT A   BRITISH ADMISSION PROCEDURES

      Students are admitted to British Universities largely on the basis of their performance in the examinations for the General Certificate of Education at ordinary and advanced level. The selection procedures rather complicated.
 A student who wants to go to university applies for admission before he takes his advanced level examinations. First of all he must write to the Universities Central Council on Admissions (UCCA) and they send him a form which he has to complete. On this form he has to write down the names of six universities in order of preference. He may put down only two or three names, stating that if not accepted by these universities he could be willing to go to any other. This form, together with an account of his out-of-school activities and two references, one of which must be from the headteacher of his school, is then sent back to the UCCA.
 The UCCA sends photocopies of the form to the universities concerned. Each applicant is first considered by the university admission board. In some cases the board sends the applicant a refusal. This may happen, for example, if the board receives a form in which their university is the applicant’s sixth choice and the university already has many candidates. If there are no reasons for immediate refusal, the university admission officer passes the candidate’s papers on to the academic department concerned. One or two members of this department will then look at the candidate’s application: see what he says about himself, look at his marks at the ordinary level examinations, see what his head teacher and other referee say about him. On the basis of this, the department may make the candidate an offer (either a definite offer or a conditional one) or send him a definite rejection.
 As a rule the department makes a conditional offer. This means that the candidate will be accepted by the university if he fulfils the requirements stated in the offer.
 In his turn, the student may accept the offer conditionally.
 When the Advanced level examination results come out in August, the university admissions department sees whether the candidate has fulfilled his conditions and, if he has, sends him a definite offer. The candidate must accept or refuse within 72 hours.

 Exercises on the text

 Ex. 1 Explain the meaning of the following phrases. 

Ordinary level exams, advanced level exams, in order of preference, a reference, out-of school activities, a candidate’s application, a definite rejection, university admission board.
      Ex. 2 Translate or find in the text the corresponding equivalents.

 На основе результатов экзаменов, центральный комитет по поступлению (зачислению) студентов в университеты, аттестат о среднем образовании, в порядке предпочтения, на бланке, сведения о внешкольной деятельности ученика, характеристика, отказ, кандидат, заявление абитуриента, университет, в котором заинтересован абитуриент, сделать предложение о поступлении на определенных условиях, выполнить требования, в течение 72 часов.

  Ex. 3 Find the answers in the text.
 
 1  What organization does an applicant apply for if he wants to go to
university?
 2  What information does a candidate have to write on a form?
 3  What is the procedure of considering the candidate’s papers for the
possible offer or refusal?
 4  What is important for going to university? 
 5  What is a conditional offer?

 Ex. 4 Insert prepositions or post verbal adverbs if necessary.

 1 Students are admitted … universities … the basis … their examinations results.2 Students     apply … admission … July. 3  … this form he has to write down the names … six universities … order … preference. 4 Each applicant is first considered  … the  university admission board. 5 If there are no reasons … immediate refusal, the university admission officer passes the candidate’s papers … … the academic department concerned.6 The advanced examination results come … … August. 7 The candidate must accept or refuse … 72 hours.

 Ex. 5 Make up a scheme of admission procedures.

      An applicant; 
university admission board; 
academic department; 
UCCA .
 
 How do the units cooperate with each other?

 Speech Exercises

      Ex. 1 Talk on the admission procedures in the University where you study. Use the following phrases. 

  To admit, to apply for, a candidate’s application, General Certificate of Education, a reference, out-of-school  activities, entrance exams, University admission board.

 Ex. 2 Make up a dialogue between two students (an English student and a Belarusian one) talking on the problem of admission to a higher institution.

 Ex. 3 Write an assay on the topic “Admission Procedures in Belarus.”

      Unit 3 British University Life

 Pretext  Exercises

 Ex. 1 Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined  phrases.

      1  The full-time students attending universities are engaged in the studies of either arts subjects or pure or applied sciences.
      2  Pure or applied sciences include such subjects as  medicine, dentistry, technology and agriculture.
       3   The University of London receive both  internal and external students.
      4   Education of University standard may also be given in colleges of technology and agricultural colleges.
        5    The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge are essentially residential institutions.
        6   Teaching institutions of London provide instruction by means of lectures.
 
      Ex. 2 Read the text and learn what degrees an English graduate can get.

      TEXT A   SOME ASPECTS OF BRITISH UNIVERSITY LIFE

      A university in Great Britain is a place of higher education to which young men and women may go after finishing the course at a high school, that is, when they are about eighteen years old.
 It is true that most students go to a university to study some special subject or group of subjects, knowledge of which will make it possible for them to earn their living as doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, etc. But it is recognized that a university must do more than supply the facts of medicine, law, engineering or whatever a man may have to do or teach: it must train its students in such a way that they themselves will always be eager to search for new knowledge and new ideas.
 Of the full-time students now attending English universities three quarters are men and one quarter women. Nearly half of them are engaged in the study of arts subjects such as history, languages, economics or law, the others are studying pure or applied sciences such as medicine, dentistry, technology, or agriculture.
The University of London, for instance, includes internal and external students, the latter coming to London only to sit for their examinations. Actually most external students at London University are living in London. The colleges in the University of London are essentially teaching institutions, providing instruction chiefly by means of lectures, which are attended mainly by day students. The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, however, are essentially residential institutions and they mainly use a tutorial method.
This tutorial system began at Oxford and Cambridge, where each college is a world of its own, with the students in residence, and they can easily appoint tutors to look after each student individually. The system is also used to some extent in the other universities to supplement lectures. Generally speaking there’s one member of the teaching staff for every eight student in the universities. The tutorial system brings the tutor into the close and personal contact with the student. The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, being residential, are necessarily far smaller than most of the colleges of the University of London.
Education of University standard is also given in other institutions such as colleges of technology and agricultural colleges, which prepare their students for degrees or diplomas in their own fields.
The three terms into which the British University year is divided are roughly eight to ten weeks. Each term is crowded with activity. The students have vacations between the terms.
A university usually has longer holidays than a school, and in England, in addition to the long summer holiday, which lasts three or four months, there are a few weeks at Christmas and Easter during which the students can go home. Many of them arrange to travel in July, August and September, partly for pleasure and partly for study. The students of some universities, who have to earn the money to pay for their education, spend the summer in doing various kinds of work. But it is not always easy to find employment.
 If a person has a London degree, that means he has graduated from the University of London. A person studying for a degree at a British university is called an undergraduate; one who has taken a degree is called a graduate.
 B.A. or B.Sc. stands for Bachelor of Arts, or of Science, the first degree. M.A. or M.Sc. denotes Master of Arts, or of Science. One can become a B.A. after three years of hard study, and an M.A. at the end of five years.
 Life at a university is not all hard work. In fact at some universities in England and America success in sports and games seems almost as important as success in studies and it is considered a high honour to be chosen to play for one’s university at cricket or football. Students of Oxford and Cambridge meet at almost every kind of sport, including tennis, running and jumping. And sometimes there are sports meetings between American and British universities.

      Exercises on the text
 
      Ex. 1 Explain what or who is:

      High school, a full-time student, an internal student, an external student, a graduate, an undergraduate.

Ex. 2 Multiple-choice questions. Choose the right answer.

1  Arts subjects include:
a)languages  b)history  c)psychology   
2  Applied sciences include:
a)dentistry b)literature  c)technology  
3   The University of London includes:
a) internal students  b)foreign students   c)external) students
4  Many English students arrange to travel in summer for: 
a)pleasure   b)study    c)getting sunburn  
5   Success in:
 a)sports  b)drama   c)games  seems almost as important as success in studies.
6   A person studying for a degree at a British university is called a(n): 
a)graduate   b) post-graduate     c)undergraduate  
7  One can become a B. A. after: 
a)five     b)six       c)three  years of hard work. 
8   A university is a place of:
a)higher    b)primary     c)secondary  education.

      Speech Exercises

 Ex. 1 Answer the questions on the text.

 1  Where do English young men and women get higher education? 2 At what age do they enter a university? 3 How do teaching institutes provide instruction to English students? 4 Why are the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge called residential institutions? 5 What is understood by tutors and the tutorial method?  6 Is the tutorial system used in other universities of England?  7 At what other institutions can Englishmen get education of University standard?  8 How many terms is the University year divided into? 9  How do English students rest? 10 What role does sport play in  the life of an English student?
 
 Ex. 2 Be ready to speak on the following topics.

 Aims of  universities, the subjects the students study at a university, the arrangement of English universities, the tutorial system,  terms, holidays, degrees, sport and public activities  of universities students. 

 Unit 4  American Higher Education

 Pretext Exercises

      Ex.1 Match English and Russian word combinations.

      tuition fee                 устный экзамен
 financial hardship     неосновной курс
 central campus          плата за обучение
 oral exam                  профилирующий предмет
 to major in                центральный университетский городок
 minor course             специализироваться по какому-либо предмету
 major  course            финансовые трудности

      Ex. 2 Look through the list of the following  words and phrases trying to understand their meaning.

 To have a chance, to help giving money, the quantity of money is not the same in different states, some people have difficulties because they have no money, to offer stipends, to be situated on the territory of the University, to choose a course, to study and pay more attention to a specific subject, to your liking or what is connected with your future specialty, a test, to make clear.

      Ex. 3 Read the text and consider whether American students receive the same degrees as English do.

 TEXT A   SOME ASPECTS OF AMERICAN HIGHER EDUCATION

 (An English professor is taking an interview from his American colleague)
 “ I am glad to have this opportunity to talk with you, Dr Barton. Do you mind my asking some questions about the Universities in America?”
 “Certainly not. Education is my business and my hobby. What do you want to know?”
  “First, do you have a National University?”
 “No, we don’t. Each State controls and supports at least one University. The National Government gives no direct financial aid to these state schools”.
 “Can the students go to the University free of charge?”
 “No. Everyone must pay a tuition fee. The amount varies from state to state. A student’s total expenses throughout the year are about 1,500 dollars. This creates a financial hardship for some people. Though each University offers a number of scholarships many of the students have to work to pay part of their expenses”.
 “Most of your Universities have a central campus, don’t they?
 “Yes, they do. For example, you generally find the colleges of Law, Business, Medicine, Engineering, Agriculture, Music and Journalism on one campus. So a student can attend courses at the various colleges.”
 “Don’t all students take the same courses?”
 “Well, yes and no. During the first two years they follow somewhat basic program. That is each student must select at least one course from each of these basic fields of study: English, science, modern languages, history and physical education”.
 “When do they specialize in their particular field of study?”
 “After the first two years each student majors in one subject and minors in another. In addition to these major and manor courses he can select other subjects according to his interests or profession”.
 “What degrees do American Universities offer?”
 “After completing 4 years of work the students receive the Bachelor’s Degree. It might be either a B.S. (Bachelor of Science) or B.A. (Bachelor of Arts).  With an additional year of study he may receive a Master’s Degree and after 2 or 3 more years of graduate work and the writing of a dissertation he receives a Doctorate”.
 “ Do your students take an oral examination over 4 years of work before receiving a Bachelor’s Degree?”
 “No, they don’t. They have a final written examination at the end of each course. They take an oral examination, and write a dissertation only for the advanced degree”.
 “That clears up most of the questions, Dr. Barton. It’s good to have this information from someone directly connected with University life.“
 “It has been a pleasure to talk with you”.

     Exercises on the text

      Ex. 1 Fill in prepositions if necessary.

1	Students usually take …  an oral exam … the end of each course.
2	… completing  4 years … studies  the students receive … the
Bachelor’s Degree.
      3   … the first two years each student major… in one subject and minors …another.
      4   The Government gives no direct financial support …  state schools.
      5   University expenses create a financial hardship … some people.

 Ex. 2 Paraphrase the following word-combinations.

To have the opportunity to do smth, to offer a scholarship, on one Campus, to follow the basic program, to select a course, to specialize in a particular field of study, according to one’s interest or profession, to write a dissertation, a final written examination, directly connected with University life.

Ex. 3 Agree or disagree with the given statements.

     1  During the first two years at the university American students  follow a specific program.
     2  After two years of studies  each student  majors in one subject.
     3  Students can  go to American Universities free of charge.
     4  American students can attend  courses only at one college.
 
 Speech Exercises

 Ex. 1 Define the questions discussed in the text.

 Ex. 2 Discuss the text in the groups of four. Imagine that you are:

      a)  a journalist, who asks questions;    b) a British student;
      c) an American student;                      d) a student of our University.

 Ex. 3 Look  through  text  B and find answers to the following questions.

1 How many kinds of classes are there in American universities? 2What are lecture courses? 3 What is the Recitation class? 4 What class is called a Quiz Section? 5 What is the third kind of classes in American Universities? 6 Is the seminar class for advanced students only or for ordinary students as well? 7  What is the fourth kind of university class in America? 

 TEXT B  UNIVERSITY CLASSES IN THE UNITED STATES

 Students from other countries often ask questions concerning university classes in the United States. There are usually four kinds of classes in American universities. First, many subjects are taught in Lecture courses. Lecture classes are often large. The professor speaks from notes or from a written lecture concerning the subject of the course. Lecture courses are valuable because the professors who teach them are specialists in their fields, and students who take accurate notes of a lecture profit by the experience and knowledge of the lecturers.
 The second kind of university class is the Recitation class. Recitation classes can be divided into two groups. When recitation classes are held in addition to lecture classes during the same course, the class is called a Quiz Section. The second kind of recitation class is not combined with a lecture class. In such classes the instructor talks informally and asks questions. The student can also ask questions. Recitation classes are usually rather small, so that each student can have an opportunity to participate in the discussion. 
 The first two kinds of university classes are for both elementary and advanced students. However, the third kind of class, the Seminar which is for advanced students only. 
 The seminar class meets in a room which contains a large table. The students and the professor sit around the table and discuss special problems which pertain to the subject of the course. In a seminar class, the students prepare reports upon their own research and read these reports to the rest of the class. 
 The fourth kind of university class is the Laboratory Class. Laboratory classes are especially important in technical and scientific courses. A laboratory section often meets for three or four hours for experiments and technical research.  
                                                          
Ex. 4 Compare university classes in America with those in your university. 

Ex. 5 Define similarities and differences between American and English systems of higher education.

 Unit 5  Open University 

Ex. 1 Read and translate the following words and word combinations.

Receive the Queen’s Charter, facilitate independent study, certified tutors, enrolment, honory doctorates, recognize the University as, be conveyed on audio and video cassettes, the Open University’s Head Quarters, be sent for monitoring.

      Ex. 2 Study the text and compare two ways of getting education: studying at a day-time department and at a correspondence department. Which is more available? Is it more difficult to study at a day-time department?

 TEXT A    WORLD – CLASS EDUCATION FOR ALL

      The Open University was founded by a Royal Decree from the Queen of Great Britain in 1969 and has become a world leader in correspondence study. 
      More than 2 million people have completed the University’s course. Prince Charles, Speaker of the Chamber of Communities of great Britain Betty Buthroyd, former prime-minister of Great Britain Wilson and other prominent state and public figures are among those with honory doctorates from the University. The Open University received the Queen’s Charter. The World Association of Education in Vancouver has recognized the university as the largest educational project of the twentieth century.
 The program of the Open School of Business gives the opportunity to receive a Professional Certificate in Management – the first step in professional training (which can be fulfilled in one-and –a –half years, passing three course-modules), Professional Diploma in Management – corresponding to a Bachelor’s degree (1.5 – 2 years, four courses), and an MBA – Masters in business Administration – a higher internationally recognized degree for managers ( 2 years, courses taught in English).
 The teaching method is specially designed to facilitate independent study. Situations and talks are conveyed on audio and video cassettes by leading managers from different firms, famous economists and scholars. Instruction is in Russian. The Russian translation and adaptation was arranged by the Open University. All course work and exams are checked by certified tutors in the University. No less than 30% of course work is sent to the Open University’s Head Quarters in Great Britain for monitoring.
 Information about graduates is published in the appropriate data bases for personnel resources in European management.
 The British fund “Know – How” finances the program for developing courses in the countries of the CIS. The cost of the course is therefore notably lower than in West European centres. For comparison purposes: the cost of a course for middle management in the framework of a West European business school ranges from 4-5 thousand US dollars. The cost for those Belarussian citizens selected for the first course will be 680$, and for each subsequent course 450$.
 At the present time, there exist 250 centres of the Open University in Europe and 38 centres in the CIS. Enrolment has been conducted in Minsk since 1993. More than 400 people have completed the course of study.

      Exercises on the text

      Ex. 1 Discuss in pairs.

 1  When did the existence of the Open University start? Is it famous throughout  Britain?
 3  In what way did it become available for Belarusians to study in the Open school of Business?
 4  Do you consider the teaching method very instructive?
 5  Do students go to Britain while passing their exams?
 6  Are the courses financed by the state?
 7  Do centres of the Open University exist only in Europe?
 8  Has enrolment for studies in the Open University of Great Britain been conducted for a long time?
 9  Would you like to receive a professional Certificate in Management? What opportunities would it open for you?

      Ex. 2 Compare the English and Belarusian systems of studying by correspondence.

 Ex. 3 Find some more information about the British Open University and present it in class.

      Part 2 Ecological Problems

 Unit 1 Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises

      Topical vocabulary

current                                              weather forecast/ outlook
sunny, sunshine                                humidity
sunny periods                                    moisture
bright intervals                                  humid   
bright periods                                    moist  
fair weather                                       moderate
spell                                                  damp
shower                                              dry
possible showers                               snowfall
storm                                                 snow showers
fog patches                                        icicle
dense/thick fog                                 snowflake
dull                                                    to melt 
oppressive                                         ice-drift
heat                                                    tobogganing
drought                                              to go sledging                                          
to drizzle                                           to glitter                                               
(a) thunderstorm                               (a) thaw   
rainfall                                               sleet
lightning                                            slippery
rainbow                                             (a)  flood
dew                                                    to blossom                 
hail                                                     to bud   
hurricane                                            indoors                             
breeze; gentle wind                           outdoors
gale; strong wind                               at sunset / sundawn                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
it is   cold/ warm/ hot/ cool/ chilly/ slippery/ sloppy / gloomy/  frosty/  foggy/  rainy/ snowy/ windy/ sunny / sultry / suffocating
the sky is overcast (with clouds);  a nasty-looking cloud;
the clouds promise rain; the sun is trying;
it is coming on to pour; the sky is veiled itself since the morning;
I’ve got wet to the bone  /  I’ve got soaked to the skin;
my clothes are dripping wet (soaked wet); a flash of lightning;
it sounds like thunder; frost is expected at night;
we are having a bitter frost; the snow is half a meter deep; 
there’s a nip in the air; I am chilled to the bone;
my teeth are chattering with cold; 
the temperature is 5 degrees below (above) zero; thaw sets in;
it’s too good to last; it’s going from bad to worse;
we are in for a spell of fine weather;
There is no bad weather, there are bad clothes.
After rain or cloud comes fair weather.
Everybody talks about weather, but nobody does anything about it.
Other countries have a climate, in England we have weather.
     
      Lexical Exercises
 
 Ex. 1 Give the opposites to the following phrases.

 Above zero, dry climate, fresh flowers, in the sun, at sunset, cloudless, chilly wind, high temperature, fair weather, frost, bright day, melt, close air, rise, go up, blow, awake, still weather, drought, heavy rainfall, be in season. 

 Ex. 2 Find the word with the strongest meaning in each of these groups of words.

 Unpleasant, bad, beastly, wretched, nasty;
 breeze, squall, gust, storm, hurricane, gale;
 cold, chilly, cool, frosty, freezing;
 downpour, rain, shower, drizzle;
 evening, twilight, sunset, dusk, night;
 stuffy, warm, close, sultry, hot;
 waterfall, flood, stream, whirlpool;
 splendid, glorious, fine, pleasant, nice;
 haze, dim, fog, mist, smog.

 Ex. 3 Read the following sentences. List them according to the sort of weather they describe.

 a) fine weather                                c) bad weather
 b) cold weather                               d) hot weather

 1   It’s raining cats and dogs. It’s nice weather for ducks. 2   It’s freezing. We’re having a cold snap. 3   There’s hardly a breath of air. Not a leaf is stirring. No wonder, with such a blazing sun. 4   What a clear night. Not a cloud in the sky. 5   Oh, my teeth are chattering with the cold. 6   What a thick fog. One can almost cut it with a knife. 7   I expect we’ll have a fine day. The sun is coming out.8   It’s 30 degrees in the shade and the temperature is still rising. 9 Dull morning, isn’t it? Rather nasty out. Beastly weather.10 There’s a nip in the air. Don’t get frost-bitten.

      Ex. 4 Chose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. Give one answer only to each question.

 1  The sun …….. in the East and sets in the West. 
 a)  raises,         b) rises,              c) arises,               d) arouses;
 2   Wear warmer clothes to …….. yourself from the cold. 
 a)  defend,       b) hide,               c) protect,            d) shelter;
 3   The sky was …….. and it looked as if it was going to rain.
 a) outcast,        b) downpour,     c) overcast,          d) downcast;
 4   With the drop in temperature the rain …….. to sleet.
 a) came,           b) went,             c) passed,             d) turned;  
 5  I never pay much attention to the weather ……. as it's usually wrong. 
 a) forecast,      b) prediction,      c) warning,          d) news;
 6   I was caught in a(n) …….. and I got soaked to the skin.
 a) downfall,     b) outflow,         c) downpour,       d) outpouring;
 7  There were …….. of fog which made driving hazardous. 
 a) clouds,        b) patches,          c) sheets,             d) blocks. 

 Ex. 5 Put one of the following preposition in each space in the passage below.

      / out / for / with / from / of / under / on / in /
                                                 
1
 -  It’s close here. Let’s go … … a walk.
 -  Very well, but let’s not walk … the sun. The heat and the strong light are very unpleasant.
 -  We can sit down … that large tree. Its dense foliage will protect us … the sun. You see how cool it is … the shade. Last week it rained a great deal, so that the plants have grown very fast. The ground is covered … the grass. Let us sit down … it. The sight … the beautiful green meadows is very pleasant … the eyes.
 -  What do you call those white flowers … yellow centers … England?
 - They are daisies, and the others that are all yellow are called buttercups. Pick some … them and make a bouquet; we’ll take it home.
                                                 
2
 -  So, Trevor, you are … sunny California, aren’t you? Tell me, is it really hot … California all year round?
 -  No, it can get cold. But it’s never freezing cold. It never snows … Los Angeles … example. But it’s chilly … winter, especially … the evenings.
 -  And what’s the summer like?
 -  It can be boiling hot … the summer. Too warm … me.  … Los Angeles it gets smoggy, too. Your eyes hurt and you can’t see the sun … the sky.
 -  How awful.

 Ex. 6 Use shade or shadow in the given sentences.

 1 These flowers do best when they are grown in the … . 2   It was 27 degrees above zero in the … on that day. 3 Where is he? He is in the … asleep. 4 The birch tree is casting a long … on the road. 5 The dog saw his … in the water. 6 The sun is very hot. Let’s walk in the … . 7 The … cast by the house grows longer and longer. 8 She was put in the … by her brother. 9 Peter is in love with Ann. He follows her like a … .   

 Ex. 7 Read the following short dialogues and act them out.

1
 -  I think I must change my shoes. They’ve got completely wet. Wait a bit! I’ll drop in at my place.
 -  But what’s the use? Look at the clouds! It’s going to rain again.
 -  Well, probably it is, but I’m afraid I can catch a cold.
2
 -  Have you ever been out in a thunderstorm?
 -  Yes, but I would not repeat it for the life of me.
 -  You got scared?
 -  And very much so! You would, too, with the lightning striking here and there and those deafening peals of thunder.
3
 -  How can you stand that climate of yours?
 -  Nothing doing. The weather is really nasty here in autumn, though we’ve got used to it somehow.
 -  Well, but they say it’s rather awful here in spring, too. 
 -  Oh, no, I wouldn’t say that. It’s usually sunny and warm in spring and it doesn’t rain very often.
4
 -  What a thick fog! I can’t see anything beyond two or three yards.
 -  Yes, one can almost cut it with a knife.
 -  Do you often have such fogs, I wonder?
 -  As often as not. London is famous for fogs, you know.

 Ex. 8 Translate the Russian replies into English and act the
following dialogues out.
                                                  1
 -    Чудесный день, не правда ли? Солнечно, тепло и  легкий ветерок.
 -   I think it’s one of the loveliest days this month.
 -   Интересно, будет ли тепло завтра и послезавтра. Я собираюсь на дачу на субботу и воскресенье.
 -   I’ve just heard the weather forecast on the radio: warm in the morning and in the evening, hot in the afternoon, clear sky and a lot of sunshine.
 -   Вы не хотели бы присоединиться ко мне? Позагораете, побудете на свежем воздухе, отдохнете.
 -   I’d love to but I’m going to my grandparents. Thank you very much for your invitation.
                                                2
 -    I think the weather will change soon.
 -   И я тоже. Эта зима была очень холодная, с сильными морозами и пронизывающим ветром. И  снег пошел только в феврале.
 -   That’s true. But winter has already passed, hasn’t it?
 -   Да, но сейчас конец марта, а температура все еще ниже нуля, ветрено и снег повсюду. Выгляни в окно.
 -   Oh, it’s snowing again. I hope to go for a walk but now I won’t go out. I’d rather stay indoors.
 -   Конечно, это лучше. Но мне надо встретиться с Мэри на вокзале. Она сегодня приезжает из Канады.
 -   Then put on your warm coat and don't forget to take an umbrella for Mary.
 -   Постараюсь.
                                              3
 -   Какая сегодня погода?
 -  Rather cool, cloudy and it’s drizzling. It has been drizzling since morning. Do you like such weather?
 -   Конечно же нет. Но ведь прогноз и обещал дождь, не так ли? -   Кстати, вчера погода была намного хуже. Целый день лил проливной дождь.
 -   Do you know the weather forecast for tomorrow? 
 -  Никаких изменений к лучшему. Холодно  и дождливо утром, ветрено днем и сильный град вечером.

 Unit 2 British Climate

       Pretext Exercises

 Ex. 1 Pronounce the words correctly.

 Lovely, wonderful, nasty, dreadful, beastly.

Ex. 2 Translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined  word combinations.

1	It seems  too good to last.
2	It rain cats and dogs in this place almost every day.
3	When it is wet Englishmen say that it is lovely weather for ducks.
4	The ground in winter is like iron and rings under your feet.
5	The cars and buses splash the water and mud on the passers-by.

Ex. 3 Read the text and find out whether weather is the main theme for discussion for the English.

 TEXT A     ENGLISH WEATHER

 When two English people meet, their first words are:” How do you do?” or “How are you?” And after the reply: ”Very well, thank you. 
How are you?” the next remark is almost certain to be about the weather.
 For good weather the remarks are: ”Lovely day, isn’t it?”, “Isn’t it beautiful?”, “Wonderful, isn’t it?”. “It’s so nice and hot”. “Nice day, isn’t it?”, “Isn’t it lovely?”. And the other person will reply: “Yes, it’s wonderful weather we are having”. “I hope it will keep fine”. “It seems almost too good to last”.
 For bad weather when the day is dull, or a thick fog is spreading over the city, one says: “Nasty day, isn’t it?”, “Isn’t it dreadful?”, “The weather is beastly today, isn’t it?”
 When it is raining one says: “It’s raining cats and dogs”, “I hate the rain”,  “I’m wet through”,  “I am wet to the skin”, “It’s lovely weather for ducks”.
 On the continent the people who want to describe someone as exceptionally dull remark: “He is a type who would discuss the weather with you”. In England discussing the weather is an ever interesting, even thrilling topic.
 Now observe a very important rule:  never contradict when discussing weather. If someone remarks: “Nice day, isn’t it?” when the weather is rainy, answer without hesitation: “Isn’t it lovely?”
 Most of the days it is raining in London, and everyone is wearing or carrying an umbrella. As the cars and busses go along the street, they splash the water and mud on the passers-by.
 The foggy weather is even dangerous in London. A thick fog is spreading over London. As one friend meets another, he says: “Isn’t it beastly day?”, “Yes”, replies the other, “You can hardly see a yard in front of you”.
 In winter there are sometimes heavy snowfalls, sometimes it is a hard frost. It is just the day for a good country walk. The ground is like iron and rings under your feet. When it is freezing hard the ponds are frozen over. It is a good time for sliding and skating. There are crowds of people on the ponds sliding and skating.
 The last month of the calendar year, December, is the month when winter officially begins. Traditionally associations with December are the Christmas holidays. Nostalgic references to days gone by, to past December, and to Christmases spent with loved ones make of December a month when sentiment and romanticism can reign unchecked.
 Exercises on the text
 Ex. 1 Answer the questions.
 1  Is the attitude to the weather the same for the English and for the people who live on the continent? 2 Are the English always carrying an umbrella?  Why? 3  Is the foggy weather dangerous in London? 4   Is winter severe in Great Britain? 5 Is December a special month for the English? Why?
 Ex. 2 Start a conversation with your group mate talking about the weather.
 Today it is a) a nice day;  b) a dull day;  c) a rainy day.
 Ex. 3 Put away the text and try to recollect as many remarks about the weather as possible.
 Speech Exercises
 Ex. 1 Talk about the English weather as if you were: 
 a) an Englishman;
 b) a person from the Continent.
  
 Ex. 2 Express your opinion on the following statements.

 1  Talking about the weather is a way of reaching agreement. 2   Re-marks about the weather are a safe way of opening communication with a stranger.   

          
 Pretext Exercises

Ex. 1 Match English and Russian word combinations.

a warm current                            моросить                     
vegetation                                   мягкий
to turn to slush                            идет сильный дождь
thaw sets in                                 желтеть
to grumble                                   теплое течение
to turn yellow                              растительность
to complain of (about)                 покрыто инеем
occasional showers                      превращаться в грязь со снегом
to splash with mud                       устанавливается оттепель
to drizzle                                      ворчать
it pours with rain                          жаловаться на
to be covered with hoarfrost        брызгать грязью
mild                                              местами дожди

Ex. 2 Read and translate the following word combinations.
   
Influence, go up to, be covered with clouds, get wet to the bone, find the place where you can hide yourself, the weather becomes very hot, peals of thunder are the signs of a thunderstorm, the wind that brings freshness, fly to warm countries, it is 8 degrees below zero.

      Ex. 3 Study text B and be ready to compare the climate in England and Belarus.
`
      TEXT B   THE CLIMATE OF ENGLAND

  The Gulf Stream, a warm current flowing from the Gulf of Mexico round the North of Europe affects the climate of the west coast of Europe, the British Isles and Iceland.
  In these western countries, summers are not so warm and winters are not so cold as in the rest of Europe.
       Spring is the season when nature returns to life. Vegetation grows rapidly, for there are periods of sunshine broken by occasional showers. Clouds are continually floating across the sky, and after the rain we see a magnificent rainbow.
  It seldom gets unbearably hot in summer, as there is generally a cooling breeze from the South-West, but nevertheless the temperature may rise to 32 degrees in the shade. The weather becomes sultry, the heat grows oppressive, and the air gets stifling. The sky is suddenly overcast with low, black clouds and distant peals of thunder indicate the approach of a thunderstorm. Later, dazzling flashes of lightning are followed almost immediately by a clap of thunder directly overhead, and it pours with rain. Anyone caught in the rain takes shelter, otherwise he may get wet to the skin.
 After the thunderstorm the air is remarkably fresh. The thunder has cleared the air. We are in for a spell of good weather again.
 In autumn the leaves turn yellow and reddish, and fall to the ground. Then most birds migrate to warm countries. Autumn is the season of mist, of windy days, of biting winds, of beautiful sunsets, and miserable chilly days when it drizzles.
 A spell of sunny weather in October is called an Indian Summer.
 The climate of the South of England is milder than the climate of Scotland. In the North, the winters are harder. When there are eight degrees of frost in England, they say it is freezing hard, and everyone complains about the cold. This is because their damp climate makes them feel the cold more.
 On a frosty morning the country is covered with hoarfrost. Icicles hang from the roofs of houses. The rivers and lakes are frozen over. The snow falls, but sometimes it does not last long. The thaw sets in, the snow turns to slush, and walking is extremely unpleasant owing to the puddles of water in the streets, and to the constant fear of being splashed with mud by a passing car.
 The English often grumble about the weather but you should not pay too much attention to an Englishman’s complaints about his own climate. The devil is not so black as he is painted.

 Exercises on the text

     Ex. 1 Agree or disagree with the given statements.

1	After the thunderstorm the air is remarkably dreadful.
2	Spring is the season when nature goes to sleep.
3	 Most birds immigrate to northern countries.
4    A spell of sunny weather in October is Easter.
5    The climate of the South of England is milder than the climate of Scotland.
6   The rivers and lakes are never frozen over in England.

Ex. 2 Describe the following nature phenomena.

Thunderstorm, Indian Summer, hoarfrost, thaw.

 Ex. 3 Compare the climate of England with that of Belarus.

 1  What do they have in common?
 2  In what do they differ?  
 3  What natural phenomena are peculiar for each country?
 4  Where would you prefer to live?             

      Unit 3 Seasons of the Year

      Pretext Exercises

      Ex. 1 Name the things you know: a) birds; b) flowers; c) fruit, d) berries;  e) winter entertainments.

       Ex. 2 Imagine and try to describe:  a) lilacs; b) wild daffodils;  c) tulips.

       Ex. 3 Read the text about seasons and express your opinion whether you agree that every season is beautiful in its own way.

      TEXT A     SEASONS

 SPRING
 In May the weather is finest and all nature is loveliest. The trees put
forth little buds and new leaves; the meadows grow green again; the flowers begin to bloom. The collective farmers till the soil and sow the seed. The nightingale, swallow, cuckoo and other birds come back from Italy or Africa and build their nests, all the while singing their merry songs. Meanwhile the new crop is shooting up, and if there are no sharp frosts during the night, nature looks full of promise, and the corn-fields are made bright by blue cornflowers and red poppies.
      Spring flowers! The lilacs unfold their pale hearts. There shines the wild daffodil – soft, slim, yellow; there is the starry narcissus, the hiacinth almost lost in the herbs; among them stand tulips – the red bubbles of dark wine; the yellow, more cup-like; the large gold and red, noble and sombre.
      SUMMER
      By the end of June, when the days become considerably warmer, summer has come. If the heat gets too oppressive, we can go and bathe in running water. And many people enjoy a game of tennis in summer. In the summer the hot sun ripens the corn and fruit, and the farmer gets ready for the harvest. There are plenty of strawberries, cherries, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, apricots, peaches, plums and blackberries, which are ripe and afford a treat for the old and the young. And what pleasure can compare with that of watching the glorious sunrise and sunset! Clouds? Rain? Well, well, it isn't always cloudy, and there is no such thing as perpetual rain. 
      AUTUMN
  There are some drawbacks, I admit, - the shorter days and longer nights
for instance. The weather also leaves much to be desired. But is there anything more beautiful than an Indian summer – when we have one! We miss the songs of the birds, you say. Well, I can and do enjoy the sparrow, bluebird, crossbill and the few others that remain with us. Oh, I know what you want to say. The November fogs, and mist, and sleet are not pleasant things. But what should we do without apples, pears, walnuts, grapes, which get ripe in September and October and may be picked. I, for one, could not get along without fruits or nuts, and for the sake of these I'm willing to put up with some discomforts. 

      WINTER
   I know it is the season of snowstorms, and of ice, of frozen rivers and
ponds, and of slippery streets. But think of the skating on the ice, or skiing in the country, and the sledging. In snowy weather, tobogganing is my favourite pastime. Then think of the joy of the children. At the first heavy snowfall, they are out making snowmen, building snowhuts, and pelting one another with snowballs. Of course, if the winter is severe, one must take care not to get frost-bitten. To me, winter has its own peculiar interest and beauty, and there is no reason to feel bored to death when there are interesting books, theatres and concerts, and the cinema.

      Exercises on the text

  Ex. 1 Paraphrase the following word- combinations.

      The heat gets too oppressive; the hot sun ripens the corn and fruit; the farmer gets ready for the harvest; to afford a treat for the old and the young; the new crop is shooting up; to put up with some discomforts.

      Ex. 2 Find English equivalents in the text for the given Russian ones and make up your own sentences with them.

      Оставлять желать лучшего…,  что бы мы делали  без…, ради этого я готов…, нет причины скучать.

      Ex. 3 Answer the questions.

      1 How does the weather change in autumn? 2 What is that you don’t like in autumn? 3 Is there anything that you like? 4 Describe the weather in winter. 5 What is the favourite children’s pastime in winter? 

      Speech Exercises

      Ex. 1 Say what in your opinion the advantages and disadvantages of each season are. 

      Ex. 2 Speak about your favourite season.

      Unit 4 Weather Forecast and Weather Signs

      Ex. 1 Study the temperature conversion and be ready to make some of the conversions.

 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

 Officially temperature is measured in degrees Centigrade (єC), but many people still use degrees Fahrenheit (єF).
        100єC      -------        212єF	      

            0єC      -------          32єF		            
         40єC       -------       - 40єF 

To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius subtract 32є, multiply by 5 and divide by 9.
70єF  -  32є  =  38є · 5 = 190є : 9 = 21єC
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32є.

Ex. 2 Read the dialogue and find words which describe a) the sky;  b) the temperature;  c) precipitations;  d) winds;  e) humidity 

TEXT A   SPEAKING ABOUT THE WEATHER FORECAST

Carol and Nathan live in Washington, D.C. They’re planning a weekend trip.
Nate: I know, Carol! Why don’t we go to the Pennsylvania Dutch country?
Carol: It’s a long way, Nate.
Nate:  Oh, it isn’t too far. Anyway, the highway’s an Interstate, so we can get there quickly.
Carol: But in Pennsylvania’s often cold at this time of the year. It might snow.
Nate:  Well yes, It might, but I don’t think it will.
Carol: I’m not sure. It is December, and I’m afraid of driving in the snow. And we might   not be able to find a hotel. They might be closed.
Nate:  Oh, that’s no problem. I can make a reservation by phone tonight.
Carol: Well, maybe it’s not a bad idea. We might have beautiful weather.
Nate: Oh, we’ll enjoy ourselves anyway. Let’s watch the weather forecast on TV. We might not go to Pennsylvania. We might go to Virginia or North Carolina. We can decide after the forecast.  Let’s look now at the map. It’s generally clear in the Washington area with some rain over here in the mountains of Virginia. It’s 43° now outside our studio. That’s 6°Celsius. Tonight will be 34°. The humidity is a damp 75 percent, with winds from the northwest. Now let’s look at the forecast for tomorrow. It’ll be colder, with a high of 36°. They’ll be getting snow in northern Pennsylvania and in upstate New York. We might get some of the snow, but probably we’ll have a little rain instead. The rest of the Northeast and  Middle Atlantic states will be gray and overcast, except it’ll be partly cloudy with occasional sunshine south of us in Virginia and North Carolina. We might get some cold winds tomorrow from the northwest, and they might bring us some of that snow. So keep that in mind if you’re driving this weekend, because Sunday looks more of the same.

 Speech Exercises

       Ex. 1 Describe the winter in the USA, compare it with that in our republic.

 Ex. 2 Dramatize the dialogue.

      Ex. 3 Compose the weather forecast for a) tomorrow; b) a hot summer day;  c)  a rainy May day;  d) an Indian Summer day;  e) a day in March.

      Ex. 4 Use the map of Belarus and make up a report about the weather at the week-end.

      Ex. 5 Use the words to the right of text B to form a word that fits in the same number in the text. 

      TEXT B   HOW WEATHER FORECASTS ARE DONE?
 Forecasting the likelihood of different types of weather     1. current
coming in the near future can only be done with an	2.measure
understanding of what is happening __1___. To acquire	3. special
this, regular and accurate__2__   are needed, taken in	4. receive
different places to expose patterns of weather change.	    5. precision
Weather___3___ have placed instruments all over the 	6. population
world for the___4___ and transmission  of___5___data	7. collect
to weather stations. Many of these sites are stuffed by 	8. hour
meteorologists. However, in some sparsely___6___ or completely uninhabitable areas of the world, readings are often sent back by automatic equipment. For the___7___of data, various instruments are used which can measure air-pressure, wind-speed, temperature and rainfall and observations are made at least every day, in some cases __8__.

      Ex. 6 Study text C and be ready to talk about the extreme weather conditions in our country and reflect on some abroad. 

 TEXT C   STRONG WINDS IN BELARUS

      Now that Belarus has hardly recovered from the spring flood, another disaster plunged the country. 
A recent hurricane turned out to be very harmful to agriculture.
 About 190 cities and villages located all round Belarus fell victims to the severe winds. More than 200 houses were ruined and electricity lines were damaged. In total 48 localities remained without electricity as a result of the hurricane. According to the data provided by the Ministry of Emergencies, 36 cattle breeding farms were damaged. No deaths have been reported so far. 
      This time the Brest region suffered more than others too, as was the case during the flood. In Gantsevichi and Baranovichi districts the velocity of the wind reached the 23-24 m/s level.
 The Ministry of Emergencies emphasized the damage caused to the agricultural sector. Actually, about 2,500 hectares of crops were ruined. Losses could have been minimized, if local authorities had reacted promptly.

Ex. 7 Look through the following text and decide which of these headlines would be best for it.

 TEXT D
 AVOIDING THAT UNLUCKY STRIKE
 THUNDER AND LIGHTNING
 DOES AND DON’TS IN A STORM

 Fortunately we suffer relatively few lightning casualties in the UK, but the story in America is a lot more serious. More than 2oo people a year are killed there on average by lightning, and surveys of the figures upset a few cherished beliefs.
      One revelation is that houses by no means safe. Most indoor lightning casualties occur while talking on the telephone, particularly in rural areas, because outdoor cables can catch a lightning strike and send the electric current surging down into the telephone itself. The next most dangerous indoor situation is in the kitchen, because of the metal pipes, taps and sink Units which can pass current. Watching television carries their hazard that
lightning strikes the aerial on the roof. And, of course, open windows and doors are open invitation to a direct lightning strike.
 There are even cases of deaths and injuries of people inside moving cars and, in one case, the rear window was smashed by lightning and the driver injured. Another case was more indirect, lightning knocked over a tree which knocked over a high voltage power line, electrocuting the driver. A number of people have been temporarily blinded by a lightning flash, causing accidents and injuries.
 But direct strikes are much more frequent in open locations and three times as many males as females are killed in total because more men do outdoor work or recreation. One surprise is that twice as many anglers are killed than golfers by lightning, although golfers are more likely to suffer non-fatal injuries. 
 The advice to avoid lightning is clear. Stay away from metal fixtures in the home or outdoors. Avoid exposed shelters, open fields, open boats, lone trees and large trees in woods. Get off golf carts, bikes, horses and take cover. Do not swim.

      Ex. 8 Which of these activities are dangerous in a thunderstorm, according to the article? Tick the ones that are mentioned or implied.

talking on the phone      climbing stairs            sheltering under isolated tree
washing up                    working outdoors        sheltering in a building
watching television        climbing a ladder       sailing
sitting near a closed window     fishing             cycling
looking out of the open door      playing golf    swimming

      Ex. 9 Work in pairs. Where do you think are the best and worst places to be in a thunderstorm?

 Ex. 10 Compare your answers from the previous task. Which of the activities are the most dangerous? What does the article not tell you that you would like to know?

Pretext Exercises

      Ex. 1 Read the text and recall the weather signs: 
a)	you knew before; b )you have just learnt.

      Ex. 2 While reading text E find the information how country people learn to read weather signs.

      TEXT E  WEATHER SIGNS

Everyone talks and worries about weather. In England we are lucky really, because it is always changing, and although sometimes it is a nuisance to take a raincoat whenever we want to go for a walk, it is more fun to have a varied climate than to live in the country where you know that rain is going to come for certain at the same time each year, and when it will be hot and when it will be cold. The incomparable beauty of our land is largely due to the weather, and in the country all farmer’s work depends upon it. And so, through years, country people have passed down from father to son all sorts of quaint prophecies and sayings about weather, and some of them you will find most reliable. You can soon learn to read weather signs for yourself, and, of course, clouds are the best guide if you want to become a weather prophet.
When studying the weather you will remember, of course, that the direction of the wind will help you to forecast what weather is on the way. You know that the wind from the West or South-West is likely to bring rain and unsettled weather. The east wind is colder, but in summer it generally brings fine days. In winter the east wind is a prophet of frost and snow storms. The north-east is the coldest wind we know.
      On a summer night, if the stars seem brighter than usual, then wind and rain are on the way. In winter, when the wind blows from the North or East and stars blaze and twinkle, then the weather will turn colder and the earth will be gripped with great frosts.
      When the moon shines clear without a misty rim it will be fine weather. When she is compassed round with a halo, wind or rain follows soon. If at sun-rising it is cloudy and clouds vanish as the sun rises, it will be a fine day.     
  A red sunset foretells fine weather, unless it is muddy and misty, then rain will follow.

      Speech Exercises

      Ex.1 Explain the meaning of the given words.

      Weather sign, prophet, prophecy.

      Ex. 2 Agree or disagree with the statements.

      1  The British believe that it is more fun to have a varied climate than to live in the country where you know that rain is going to come for certain at the same time each year.
      2  The incomparable beauty of British land is largely due to the continental climate.
      3 Quaint prophecies and sayings about weather are found widely spread and most reliable.
 4   If you want to become a weather prophet stars are the best guide. 
      5  To know  what weather is on the way study carefully the direction of the wind  which will help you to forecast it.

      Ex. 3 Name all the weather signs and sign superstitions concerning  weather mentioned in the text.

 Ex. 4 Answer the questions.

 1  Can you characterize English weather in one word? 2  Why is it so important for country people to know the weather forecast? 3 The direction of the wind will help you to forecast what weather is on the way, won’t it? 4  What weather can stars forecast? 5  Is the sun or the moon important for predicting weather? 6 Do you fully rely on the weather signs or do you consult the weather forecast in case of planning a trip?

 Ex. 5 Share your own nature observations with the class.  Which of them do you take into consideration? Is it easy to become a weather prophet?
      Part 3 Visiting Places and Seeing the Sights

 Unit 1 Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises

Topical vocabulary

visit						take bus No 7
touri			         			change for bus No 7
tour, trip, journey, travel, voyage 	full up /packed			
town hall (ратуша)         		take the first turning to the left/right
to make a tour				traffic regulations/lights
arrive in/at					right/left hand traffic
place of interest				heavy/light traffic				
impress					one way traffic
to make an impression on smb	peak/rush hours
sights						industrial area
go sightseeing/do the sights		shopping area/centre
get on/off (a bus)				avenue
put down at…				outskirts
down/up the street		         subway (Am.)
at the bottom of the street		tube (Br.)
pedestrian					obey the traffic rules
pavement (Br.) 				taxi-stand (rank)	
sidewalk (Am.)				
hail (take) a taxi					
drive on the right (left)	
pay a fine					
international driving permit (license)	
motoring regulations			
speed limit 60 km p.h.                     
get a parking ticket    How do I get to…?
Which is the shortest (nearest) way to…?
It’s quite a distance from here.								
It’s a five minutes’ walk from here.
Does route No 5 stop at N. Square?
Do I get off here?					
How much is the fare?
What’s the fare to …?
Fares, please.
I’ll call out. Я вам скажу, где выходить.
To get off at the next but one/ two … stop(s). Выйти через одну/ две… остановки.
			               - a walk in the park;
He suggests, suggested		- (our) taking a walk in the park;
-	 that we (he, she, they) should take a walk in the park;
- to help me;
He offered		- his help;
		        - me a glass of lemonade.

      Lexical Exercises

      Ex. 1 Fill in the gap with a word from the list. In some cases more than one word fits. 

      Crossing     cruise    excursion     flight      journey     tour     outing transport      travel      trip

      1   When someone arrives you can ask them: did you have a good …? Or how was your …?
      2   The ... from London to Tokyo takes about 12 hours.
      3   It was a very rough … and all the passengers were seasick.
      4   The hotel runs various … to see places of interest. 
      5  The weather’s nice, let’s take a (an) … out of the city this afternoon. 
      6   The idea of a round-the-world … sounds really exciting.
      7   The guide will make sure you don’t get lost if you go on a (an) …
       8   There’s no point in driving into the city, public … is much more convenient. 
      9   When someone is leaving you can say to them: Have a nice …. Have a good … ,  Have a safe ….

      Ex. 2 Choose the best alternative.

      1   The quickest way to get from London to Manchester is to take the… 
 By-pass,  highway,  main road,  main street,  motorway,  ring round.
      2   It’s quicker and cheaper to cross London by … than to take a taxi.
 Bus,  car,  foot,  metro, subway,  tube.
      3   It costs less to travel a long distance by … than to take the train.
 Coach,  horse,  limousine,  plane,  Pullman,  taxi.
       4   Go straight down the hill and take the 3d … on the left. You can’t miss it. 
 Bend, branch, corner, crossroads, junction, roundabout, turning.
      5   If you want to stop the car you have to put your foot on the … pedal. 
 Accelerator, break, brake, choke, clutch, handbrake, gas.
      6   If you are travelling by train, you have to buy a single or return …
Ticket, card, fare, passage, reservation.

      Ex. 3 Insert prepositions or post-verbal adverbs where necessary.

      1 Will you advise me where to get … to change… … bus No. 6? 2 Will this bus take me right… Pushkin Square? 3 Are you getting … … the next stop? 4 We couldn’t get … the tram because it was packed full. 5 Let’s go … this street. It will take us straight … the Circus. 6 I don’t know yet … what hotel we shall put …. 7 We’d better inquire … the way. I’m afraid we are already … … the way. 8 The Opera House is a long way … here. You’d better take … a bus. 9 You will have to change … … bus No. 7 …  the corner of Nevsky Avenue and Sadovaya Street. 10. I always forget where to get … … the Comedy Theatre. 11 It seems .. me she is not sure if she is … the right bus. 12 Can you tell me if there is a tram … here … the Smolny? 13 Do you remember that the traffic keeps … the left in Great Britain? 14 Go straight … as far as Gogol Street and then take the second turning … the left. 15 Please put us … … the Museum. 16 You had better go there … tram. It is a good way … here. 17 If you turn … the left you will soon  be … … your way. Better go straight … . 18 The house you are looking … is just … the corner. There is no need to take … a tram.

      Ex. 4 Rewrite as in the model:

      Model 1: His answer surprised me. – I was surprised at his answer.
      1 His voice surprised us all. 2 The results of the examination surprised the teacher. 3 His behaviour surprised those who were present. 4 You surprise me. 5 Your written test surprises us. 6 The girl’s speech surprised the students. 7 The youth’s words surprised the old people.
      Model 2: The teacher was impressed by the student’s answer. – The student’s answer made an impression on the teacher.
      1 The listeners were impressed by the speech. 2 The play impresses me each time I see it. 3 The tourist was impressed by the places of interest in St. Petersburg. 4 We were greatly impressed by Petrov’s speech. 5 My companions were impressed by her singing.
      Model 3: He came to Moscow the other day. – He arrived in Moscow the other day.
      1 He has come to St. Petersburg to take part in the work of the congress. 2 He came to the meeting in time. 3 They came to the seaside at the week-end. 4 We came to London on the 15th of March. 5 We all came to the station to see our friends off to Minsk. 6  We came to Pushkino at about 6 o’clock.

      Ex.  5 Change the following sentences into indirect speech using the verbs to suggest or to offer.

      1 “Let’s study English together”, said Olga. 2  “Why don’t you buy the dictionary?” Mary said to me. 3 “Let’s go to the park by metro,” said John. 4 “Take another piece of cake, it’s delicious,” said our hostess. 5  “Let us rest for a while,” said my friend. 6  “Will you have another cup of tea?” asked Mother. 7  “Why not arrange some excursions during the winter holidays?” said the monitor of the group.
 
      Ex. 6 Translate the sentences into English using one of the following verbs: to offer – to suggest.

      1 Гид предложил туристам поездку в Сергиев Посад. 2 Можно предложить вам еще чашечку кофе. 3 Он предложил мне билет в театр. 4 Нина предложила своей подруге провести каникулы вместе в деревне. 5 Староста группы предложил студентам поехать на экскурсию в воскресенье. 6 Так как до вокзала было далеко, они предложили нам взять такси. 7  Мой друг предложил мне пойти с ним в театр. 8  Я знаю, что он предложил помочь им. 9  Я предложил ей отложить поездку на неделю. 10  Оля предложила идти до станции метро пешком.

      Ex. 7 Practice the following flashes of conversation. Work in pairs.
						1
A. Excuse me, miss, could you tell me the shortest way to Charing Cross station?
      B. Certainly. Go straight ahead and then take the second turning.
      A. Thank you.
      B. You’re welcome.
					2
      A. I’m sorry to trouble you, madam. Can you tell me – is there a bus from here to Kensington High Street?
      B. No trouble at all. It’s quite a distance from here. You see the bus-stop across the street? A 73 bus will take you right there.
      A. Thanks a lot.
      B. You’re welcome.
						3
      A. Excuse me, I’m going to Oxford Circus. Have I got on the right bus?
      B. No, sir, you’ve taken the wrong one. You should change No.9 for No. 73. 
      A. Where do I get off?
      B. At Hyde Park Corner.
     						4
      A. We’re late for the concert. Let’s take a taxi. Oh, there’s a taxi-rank on the right. Are you engaged?
B. No, sir, where to?
A. Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Road. Drive fast, please.
						5
A. Am I going the right way to the No.1 bus stop?
      B. You are quite out of the way. Go straight on as far as the first turning to the right, then cross the street and you will see the stop. You cannot lose your way. It’s just a two minutes’ walk from here. I am going that way myself. Come with me if you like.
      A. Thank you. It’s very kind of you.

Ex.  8 Fill in the missing part of the dialogue and try to reproduce it.

A.: Shall we go sightseeing today?
B.: (Give an affirmative answer)
A.: What place of interest do you want to show me first?
B.: (Name any place you like)
A.: What about going to Victory Park?
B.: (Give a negative answer because it will take you a lot of time)
A.: But I think we’ve got a lot of time today.
B.: (The statement is not true to fact, because you bought tickets to the cinema for the 5 o’clock show)
A.: It can’t be helped then. We’ll  visit it some other day. Then let’s go on a bus or trolley-bus and go along Nevsky Avenue.
B.: (Make an objection to this proposal, give reasons for your objection and suggest something else)
A.: All right, I agree to all you say. But remember we shall have to leave some time for dinner.
B.: (Say you were thinking of it too)

Ex. 9 Ask a question and let your friend respond. You want:

-	to know if you are going the right way to the railway station;
-	to find out if you are on the right tram;
-	to know if the street you are going will take you straight to … Square;
-	to know what is the fare;
-	to know at what (which)  stop you must get off;
-	to tell your friend that he had better go by bus (trolley-bus).

      Ex. 10 Read the dialogue and explain to your group-mate how to get to Paddington Underground Station on foot.

      Lucy: Could you tell me the way to Paddington Station, please? The Underground Station, I mean.
      Passer-by: Yes, certainly. Go straight along this road, past the traffic lights and the church...
      L: Yes.
      P: Then turn to the right, and keep straight on until you come to some more traffic lights…
      L: Yes.
      P: Turn left there, and you’ll see the station a little way along on the right-hand side of the road.
       L: I see. I go straight along this road, past the church and the traffic lights.
      P: Yes.
      L: And then I turn to the right, I think you said?
      P: Yes, that’s it. And after that you take the next turning to the left.
L: Is it very far?
P: No, not really. It’s about a ten minutes’ walk from here.
L: Could I get there by bus?
P: Yes, but in this case you must go back a little way. Keep on this side of the road until you come to the bus stop. All the buses from there pass the station.
L: Thank you very much.
P: You are welcome.

Ex. 11 Practice the dialogue and retell it in the indirect speech.

New-comer: Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the “Druzhba” hotel? I’m a stranger here, I’ve just arrived in St. Petersburg. 
Passer-by: Oh, it’s quite a long way from here.
N: Yes, I know, but my friends advised me to put up at this hotel.
P: Your friends are right, it is one of our best hotels. You may go there by the underground. It’s the quickest way to go there, though you’ll have to change on to a bus in Lev Tolstoy Square or walk.
N: What bus shall I change on to?
P: A number 65 or 46 bus will take you to Popov street. It is only one stop from the station.
N: Thank you very much. Is it possible to get there by tram or trolley-bus? I haven’t seen anything of St. Petersburg yet and I‘ve heard so much about this beautiful city.
P: You can get on a No 1 trolley-bus. It will take you as far as Palace Square where you may get off. 
N: Where must I get off for the “Druzhba” hotel?
P: In Popov Street, but you had better ask the conductor to put you down or you may miss your stop.
N: I’m very much obliged to you.
P: That’s all right.

      Ex. 12 Develop these dialogues using the topical vocabulary and conversational phrases.

      1  Do you happen to know the way to the Railway Station?- Well, let me see… Go straight on and then take the second turning to (or on) the left (right).
      2   Er… Excuse me, could you tell me if this is the right way to Pobeda street? – Oh, no, you are quite wrong. You’d better go back and then ask again.
      3   Er… I wonder if you could tell me the nearest way to Volotovskaya Street – I’m terribly sorry. I’m a stranger here myself. You’d better ask some one else.
      4   Er… Could you help me, I’m not quite sure where the nearest bus stop is? – Well, let me see. It’s round the corner.
      5   Excuse me, is there a bus stop from here to Lenin Square? – I’m terrible sorry, I’ve no idea, I’m afraid.
      6   Er… Will you please tell me how far the Central Market is? – If you walk, it’ll take you about twenty minutes to get there. You’d better take a bus.

      Unit 2 Going Sightseeing 

      Pretext Exercises

 Ex.1 Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined  phrases.

      1  The guide  can show you  a lot of places of interest so that you  get a good idea of our capital.
      2   You can find wonderful multi-storeyed buildings  without exception in every capital. 
      3  It seems to tourists who visit Moscow that nearly everyone is in a hurry there.
      4  We and our friends went for a ride in the city.
      5  Tourists who have never been to any European capitals are surprised to see  the same thing everywhere in Moscow: well planned streets lined with trees, multi-storeyed houses, big stores, hotels and beautiful squares.

      Ex. 2 Before reading the text answer the questions.

      1  Have you ever been to Moscow?
      2  What was your first impression of the capital?
      3  What places of interest did you visit? Which of them were the most interesting for you? Why?

      Ex. 3 Read the text carefully and find out what impressed the Wilsons  most of all in Moscow.
  
      TEXT A    A VISIT TO MOSCOW 

      Last year Mr. Wilson, his wife and daughter Mary – tourists from England – arrived in Moscow. It was their first visit to Russia and they wanted to see as much as possible. 
      Their guide showed them a lot of places of interest so that they could get a good idea of the Russian capital.
      The Wilsons liked Moscow’s straight and broad streets and avenues. They admired the centre of the city with its theatres, cinemas, museums, monuments, and wonderful multi-storeyed buildings. They were gladly impressed by the Moscow Kremlin, Red Square, Lenin Avenue, which is one of the longest and busiest streets in Moscow.
      The Wilsons wanted to see Moscow University and the guide suggested their going there by metro. They liked the idea and joined a stream of people going downstairs into the metro. It seemed to them that nearly everyone in Moscow was in a hurry. Very few were satisfied to stand still and let the magical staircase carry them down to the platforms below. Most people went hurrying down on the left side. On and on ran the train through the tunnel and at every station people came in and out. The trip gave the Wilsons a good impression of Moscow’s immense size.
      When they came up into the daylight, they saw the magnificent building of the University which is situated on the Vorobyev Hills and from there they enjoyed a most beautiful view of the whole city.
      They went for a ride in the city. The size and the beauty of the capital made a great impression on the family. They saw endless streams of buses, trolley-buses and cars in the streets, crowds of people walking along the pavements. They crossed the city in different directions but to their great surprise they saw the same thing everywhere: well planned streets lined with trees, multi-storeyed houses, big stores, hotels and beautiful squares. They saw no contrasts between the central part of the city and its suburbs so typical of big old towns. 
      The Wilsons went sightseeing every day of their stay in Moscow. And before their tour came to an end they had seen and learned a lot of interesting things about the capital and the country. They liked Moscow and Muscovites who are so hospitable and friendly.

     Speech Exercises

      Ex.  1 Answer the questions.

      1 When did the Wilsons arrive in Moscow? 2 Where did they come from? 3 What did they want to see in Moscow? 4 What places of interest did the guide show them? 5 Did the Wilsons like the centre of the city? 6 What did they admire most of all? 7 Where is Moscow University situated? 8 What did the tourists see from the Vorobyev Hills? 9 What impressed the family most? 10 Did the Wilsons like Moscow? What were their impressions of the city?

      Ex. 2 Describe the Wilsons’s visit to Moscow as if you were:

a)	Mr Wilson himself;
b)	his wife;
c)	his daughter Mary.

      Ex. 3 Translate the following into English.

      Москва – крупнейший политический и культурный центр страны и самый большой город России. Это один из крупнейших городов мира с населением более 10 миллионов.
      Москва занимает первое место среди столиц мира по количеству учебных заведений и студентов. В городе свыше 100 музеев и выставочных залов, десятки театров, множество клубов, кинотеатров, стадионов и других спортивных сооружений. Москва была столицей всемирных Олимпийских игр в 1980 и очень хорошо подготовилась к встрече лучших спортсменов мира и многочисленных зарубежных гостей. В Москве много исторических и архитектурных памятников. За последние десятилетия город сильно изменился. Там, где раньше были кривые, узкие улочки и маленькие деревянные дома, теперь широкие проспекты с красивыми высокими современными зданиями. Москва растет и хорошеет с каждым днем, появляется все больше новых домов, улиц, площадей, проспектов, скверов. Увеличивается количество линий метро. Москва расширяется во всех направлениях. Все, кто приезжает в Москву, поражаются огромному строительству, которое идет во всех районах столицы.

      Watching the film “Gomel”

      Ex. 4 Reflect on the title of the film and try to guess what problems it will touch upon. Make up the list of your ideas.

      Ex. 5 Discuss the list with your partner. Formulate the problems you would like to find answers to in the film.

      Ex. 6 See the film and check your ideas from Ex. 4. Discuss the results with your partner.

      Ex. 7 Answer the following questions.
      
1	What type of film is it? Is there any message? If so, define it.
2	Do you consider Gomel to be an ancient city?  When  and where was
It first mentioned? Give some facts from its history.
3	Do people regard Gomel as a very convenient place to live?
4	Gomel citizens find their city a picturesque place to live, don’t they? 
5	Is it your native town?  Do you consider it the best place for living?
6	Is Gomel’s population growing fast?
7	Are industrial enterprises situated in or out of the city? Which are the
most famous and really productive?
8	Is the cultural life of the people and guests of the city varied and
interesting? What are the most impressive sights and buildings one can visit here?
9	Is Gomel a city of science and students?
10	What problems does the city face? Do you consider them serious?

      Ex. 8  Speak about Gomel:

 a) as if you were a foreigner;
b)	as if you  were  a native citizen.

      Unit 3 City Transport

      Pretext Exercises

      Ex. 1 Translate and memorize the word combinations given below.

      To catch a bus, to put the hand out, to run through, the inner city, to rebook a ticket at interchanges, to run non-stop, pass through, to operate from, offer service.

      Ex. 2 Answer the questions.

      1  What means of transport are there in your city?
      2  Which means do you prefer? Why?
      3  Is traffic heavy in the place where you live?
      4  Have you ever gone by Metro? When? Did you like it?

       Ex. 3 Read the texts carefully and say what means of transport exist in London.
  
      TEXT A   LONDON BUSES

       If you like looking at places and people, travel by bus. Buses don’t go very fast in the centre of London, because there is always so much traffic, but that doesn’t matter if you are on holiday. 
      Normal London buses are red and double-deckers. They have a driver and a conductor. 
      There are two sorts of bus-stops: compulsory and request. A compulsory bus-stop sign means that all the buses stop here. A request bus-stop sign means that a bus only stops here if someone wants to get on or off. The request bus-stop sign is red. If you want to catch a bus at a request stop, put your hand out. 
      To find out where a bus is going, look at the sign on the front, the side, or the back of the bus. Some of the places on the route, and the final destination of the bus, are shown here. You will find a full list of the places on the bus route on a notice at the bus-stop.
      When you’ve got on the bus, the conductor says: “Fares, please!” You say where you want to go; he tells you how much to pay; you pay him and he gives you a ticket.
      There are other kinds of buses in London, too. The red single-deckers are called Red Arrows. They have a driver but no conductor. They are seen  more and more in London running non-stop between important places. The fare is fixed and passengers pass through an automatic gate which opens when the correct coins are inserted.
      Buses operate from 6 a.m. to midnight on most routes, including those connecting the main-line railway stations, and offer service in Central London and the suburbs. A network of special All Night buses run through Central London serving Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar Square, Marble Arch and many other parts convenient for theatres, cinemas and restaurants.
      The green buses 
are called the Green Line. These buses cross London, but they don’t stop very often. They are mainly for people who live a little way out of London and who travel in and out.

      TEXT B   THE TUBE

      You can get to most places in London very quickly if you take the Under-ground, or “The Tube”, called so because of the form of its tunnels. They are like tubes. The Underground is the backbone of London’s transport system now. Many people choose to travel by the tube because it’s relatively cheap, convenient and quick. But don’t travel between 7.30 and 9.30 in the morning, or 4.30 and 6.30 in the evening. These are the “rush hours”. If you do travel, then you will meet quite a lot of the 2.500 million people who travel by the Tube every year! The system runs throughout the inner city, near all the tourist destinations and hotels, to Heathrow Airport, as well as out into the suburbs and even into the countryside.
      You have decided where you want to go – so you buy a ticket from the ticket office at the Underground Station, or from an automatic machine. The ticket takes you right to your destination, and you do not need to rebook it at interchanges. Fares vary with the distance traveled. Some stations have automatic gates where you go in with your ticket. Keep your ticket till the end of your journey; that’s when the ticket-collector (or machine) takes it from you.
      There are eleven lines on the London Underground. The passengers follow the signs for the line they want, and at all stations there are maps to help them. On an Underground map all the lines are different colour. Stations are indicated by an illuminated London Transport symbol.

      Exercises on the text

      Ex. 1 Explain what or who is:

      Double-decker, conductor, driver, passenger, request stop, compulsory stop, “rush hours”, ticket office, ticket collector, interchange, final destination, the tube. 
      
      Ex. 2 Find the answers to the questions in the text.

      1  What is the difference between request and compulsory bus stops?  
      2  What sorts of buses are described in the text?
      3  What’s the quickest way to get to most places of London?
      4  At what time of day is it best not to travel by the Underground? What are these hours called?
      5  How many lines are there on the London Underground?

      Ex. 3 Enlarge on the ideas presented.

1	There is quite a number of buses in London.
2	You can get to the West End at night. 
3	The green buses in London are used by commuters.
4	The majority of people in London choose to travel by the tube.
5	You can easily find the London Underground.

      Ex. 4 Compare the means of transport in London with those in your city.

      Pretext Exercises

      Ex. 1 Comment on the way of the word-building of the given words, translate them.
      Predictable, endless, regularity, unforeseen, derailment, unnatural.
      Ex. 2 Explain how you understand the following words and phrases.

      The pot boils over, human sardine tins,  a standstill, utter chaos, a power-cut, a city-dweller, traffic fumes, distinction,  crime rate, alarming frequency.
 
      Ex. 3 Read the text carefully and find out how people pay for the “privilege” of living in a big city.

      TEXT C    ONLY A MADMAN WOULD CHOOSE TO LIVE IN A LARGE CITY

     “Avoid the rush hour” must be the slogan of large cities the world over. If it is, it’s a slogan no one takes the least notice of. Twice a day, with predictable regularity, the pot boils over. Wherever you look it’s people, people, people. The trains which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed: an endless procession of human sardine tins. The streets are so crowded, there is hardly room to move on the pavements. The queues for buses reach staggering proportions. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has virtually come to a standstill. Even when a bus does at last arrive, it’s so full, it can’t take any more passengers. This whole crazy system of commuting stretches man’s resources to the utmost. The smallest unforeseen event can bring about conditions of utter chaos. A power-cut, for instance, an exceptionally heavy snowfall or a minor derailment must always make city-dwellers realize how precautious the balance is. The extraordinary thing is not that they actually choose them in preference to anything else.
      Large modern cities are too big to control. They impose their own living conditions on the people who inhabit them. City-dwellers are obliged by their environment to adopt a wholly unnatural way of life. They lose touch with the land and rhythm of nature. It is possible to live such an air-conditioned existence in a large city that you are barely conscious of the seasons. A few flowers in a public park (if you have the time to visit it) may remind you that it is spring or summer. A few leaves clinging to the pavement may remind you that it is autumn. Beyond that, what is going on in nature seems totally irrelevant. All the simple, good things of life like sunshine and fresh air at a premium. Tall buildings blot out the sun. Traffic fumes pollute the atmosphere. Even the distinction between day and night is lost. The flow of traffic goes on unceasingly and the noise never stops.
     The funny thing about it all is that you pay dearly for the “privilege” of living in a city. The demand for accommodation is so great that it is often impossible for ordinary people to buy a house of their own. Exorbitant rents must be paid for tiny flats which even country hens would disdain to live in. Accommodation apart, the cost of living is very high. Just about everything you buy is likely to be more expensive than it would be in the country.
     In addition to all this, city-dwellers live under constant threat. The crime rate in most cities is very high. Houses are burgled with alarming frequency. Cities breed crime and violence and are full of places you would be afraid to visit at night. If you think about it, they’re not really fit to live in at all. 

      Exercises on the text 
      
      Ex. 1 Find sentences with the following word- combinations, read and translate them.

     To take the least notice of, when the bus does at last arrive, it stretches man’s resources to the utmost, they improve their own living conditions, they lose touch with the land, … that you are barely conscious, all simple good things, “the privilege” of living in a city, cities breed crime and violence.

      Ex. 2 Explain with the help of the synonymous expressions.

     To move along the pavement, it takes ages to do, the system of commuting, to the utmost, in preference, are obliged to adopt, to be at premium, blot out, to pollute the atmosphere, to pay dearly, the demand for accommodation, exorbitant rents, disdain to live in, to live under constant threat, you are not really fit to live in a large city at all, to burgle.

      Speech Exercises

      Ex. 1 Say whether the sentences are true or false.

1	People usually take the least notice of the slogan “Avoid the rush hour”.
2	Buses and trolley-buses are usually rather free at “rush” hours.
3	City dwellers are obliged to adopt a wholly unnatural way of life in big cities.
4	The life in big cities is so busy that you are barely conscious of seasons.
5	Traffic fumes do not pollute the atmosphere in cities nowadays.
6	It’s rather easy to ordinary people to buy a house of their own.
7  Houses are burgled with alarming frequency.

      Ex. 2 Answer the questions.

1	Why are “rush” hours called so?
2	Why is it difficult to get on a bus at “rush” hour?
3	What can happen with transport that aggravates the situation during
“rush” hours?
4	Is the life in city really unnatural for human beings?
5	What things do people lack in city? Why
6	 Is the cost of accommodation high in large cities? And what about  the rent?
7	Why do city dwellers live under constant threat?

Ex. 3 Develop the following ideas.

1	 “Avoid the rush hour” must be the slogan of large cities the world over.
2	The system of commuting stretches man’s resources to the utmost.
3	Large cities impose their own living conditions on the people who inhabit them.
4   All the simple, good things of life like sunshine and fresh air are at a premium.
5   The cost of living is very high in large cities.
6   Cities breed crime and violence.

Ex. 4 Discuss with your friend:

a)	the main disadvantages of living in a big city;
b)	plus points of big cities;
c)	where would you rather live in a big city or in the countryside? why? 

      Ex. 5 Speak about the means of transport in the city where you live.

      Part 4 Man and Everyday Life

 Unit 1 Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises

      Topical Vocabulary

early riser					time table
late riser					spring cleaning
daily actions				do the housework
alarm-clock				do odd jobs around the house
bury one’s head under the pillow	wash up
have a lie-in				polish
stay in bed					beat the carpet
go to bed					hoover
jump out of bed				dust
turn on/ off					white-washing
make a bed					be in need of decoration
tidy up					re-papering
take a shower				sweep
commute					do the room
talk shop					press,
be short of time				mend
packed lunch				put right
put on 				thorough cleaning
take off				from top to bottom
schedule					move furniture
go on foot 					air the room
go off
buzze

      Lexical Exercises

      Ex. 1 Read about Helen’s day and insert the appropriate verb from the following list:

      Brush, buy, catch, eat, fall asleep, find out, finish, get dressed, get home, get up, go to, go to bed, goes off, have breakfast, have dinner, have lunch, have a break, have a shower, leave home, lie, listen to, meet, phone, pop into, read, set, start work, turn off, wake up, watch TV.

      I usually … at 7.15 when my alarm clock … . I … it …and then usually just … in bed for another five or ten minutes before I … . I go to the bathroom …, … my teeth and then … . I usually … cornflakes, a soft-boiled egg, toast, and coffee at about 7.50. While I … I certainly … the news on the radio. I … at about 8 a.m. I always … Mr. Green the newsagent’s on my way to the station to … a daily newspaper. I … the 8.10 train to work and usually … the newspaper in it. I … at 9.00 and … at 5.00. At 11 o’clock we … for tea or coffee and I always … at 12.30. I usually go with my friends to the cafeteria just round the corner. I … from work at about 6 o’clock and … at 7.00. Most evenings I spend at home and … . Sometimes I … my friends at the pub or … cinema. I always … my mother to … how everyone is. I usually … at about 11.15 on weekdays and the last thing I do before … is … the alarm clock for the next day.

      Ex. 2 Put one of the following prepositions in each space in the passage below. 

      a) by/ after / from … till / between / at / till / on / to /at about / in
      
      My name is Mary Curtis, I’m a typist. I usually get up … 7 a.m. … weekdays. … that I have breakfast. Ever day I work … 9 a.m. … 12.30 p.m. and then return … my office. I’m busy … 18.00 p.m. … Saturday morning I always do my shopping because shops close 5.30 and 6.00 p.m. and they are closed all day … Sunday. Weekdays … 7.30 … 10.00 p.m. I watch TV, write letters, read books or go … the cinema. I’m always … bed … midnight.

      b) in /to / up / for / past / of / after / on /at / into / during 

      Sarah gets … 7 o’clock. She puts her dressing-gown and slippers and goes … the bathroom. She cleans her teeth, has a shower, does her hair and goes back … her room. Then she wakes … her room-mates and leaves … the University. Her classes start … 8.30 but she usually leaves the hostel … half 7 to drop … the cafeteria … breakfast. She usually has a cup … coffee or tea and some sandwiches. She’s … her third year and according … her time-table she has three or four classes a day. She always works hard … her classes and she’s very tired … them.

      Ex. 3 Match each sentence from A) with the most suitable from B).

A
1	She always gets up at 6.30 a.m. on weekdays.
2	Max goes in for swimming, he has his trainings four days a week.
3	The hostel isn’t far from their University.
4	Mary is especially interested in learning languages.
5	Jack returns home very tired after his classes.
6	I have so little spare time that even on Sundays I go to the library to
read for seminars or to write my theses.
7	Late at night Fred feels tired and sleepy. Nevertheless he always
reads one of his favourite books in bed.
8	All she can do on Sundays is to sleep till 11 o’clock, watch TV, listen
to music and read something in English.
B
1	Before starting to do his homework for the next day he takes a cold shower.
2	Reading is his hobby.
3	She is known an early riser.
4	It usually takes them 10 minutes to get there on foot.
5	By the end of the week she gets extremely tired. Her only wish is to have a rest.
6	It isn’t necessary for him to do his everyday morning exercises.
7	You’ll often meet her in the language laboratory listening to different
texts and dialogues or in the reading-hall working with a heap of foreign papers and magazines.
8	So you see every day I’m busy as a bee.

      Ex. 4 Supply the missing words by choosing from the list below.
      
      Slow, fast, hands, by, midnight, hours, watch, midday, exact, o’clock, seconds, noon, minutes.

1	Harry, what time is it … the school clock?
2	A … is small; we can put one in our pocket or wear it on the wrist.
3	The right time is seven p.m., Henry’s clock says ten minutes past 7.
It’s ten minutes … .
4	There are 60 seconds in a … .
5	The film is very long, it lasts … .
6	Excuse me, could you tell me the … time?
7	When it’s 12 o’clock at night, it’s … .
8	It’s 2 p.m. now, my watch says 5 minutes to 2. It’s five minutes … .
9	Hurry up, please. We are late. It’s 3 … now.
10	12 o’clock in the day time is … or … .
11	Some clocks have three …, a short one and two long ones (one of
them points to the …).
 Ex. 5 Read the following dialogues and act them out.

1
 -   There you are at last. The flat is in a mess and nobody is going to help me.
 -  Oh, I’m very sorry, Mum. What can I start with?
 -  Take the vacuum cleaner and clean all the carpets at first. Then wipe the dust off every surface in the rooms. Don’t forget to wet the duster.
 -  Well, what about the furniture? Shall I polish it?
 -  Of course, my dear. And I’m tidying up the kitchen. Come on.
                                                     
                                                      2
       -  Well, sonny, don't you think we should help Mother today?
       -  Yes, Pa. But I am of little help, you know. What could I do? 
        -   A great many things: to air the room and beat the carpets, to begin with.
       -  To beat the carpets with us having a new vacuum cleaner?
        -   Oh, it's gone out of my mind. Well, come on, fetch it then, I'll fix it for you.
                                                         
                                                        3
 -  Why such a mess in your room? What have you been doing, I wonder?
 -  Don't worry, Mum. I'll put everything in order in no time.
      -  So step on it. You have little time and you still have to heat the stove and go shopping. 
      -  Be sure. Everything will be done as I promised.
                                           
                                          4                             
-	Hello, Ann. Haven’t seen you for ages. How are you getting on?
-	Hello, Susan. Frankly speaking, so-so.
-	Why? Has anything happened? You look rather tired.
-	I say, the problem is I have to get up very early these days and as you know I’m not an early riser. I can’t awake at 6 a.m. by myself, so I set my alarm clock and get nervous all night.
-	Have you changed your job? I remember you didn’t have to get up at such an early hour of the morning.
-	Oh, certainly, not. But my boss has asked me to start my office hours at 7.45 this month. So I’m looking forward to the end of the month.
-	Cheer up, dear. There are only 4 days left to the end of it.

      Ex. 6 Translate the following dialogues into English and act them out.
1
-	Послушай, Фред, ты не мог бы мне сказать точное время?
-	Без четверти пять, а что?
-	Ну вот, снова я опаздываю. Мэри будет ждать меня возле Худо-жественного музея. Мы хотим посетить там выставку японских кукол.
-	Тогда поспеши. Насколько я помню, Художественный музей закрывается в 7 часов, а полтора часа мало, чтобы посмотреть все.

                                                   2
-	Китти, вставай. Уже 10 минут восьмого, ты опоздаешь на занятия.
-	Мамочка, сегодня занятия начинаются не в 9.15 как обычно, а в 11.05. Я же тебе вчера говорила.
-	Разве? А, да, помню. Извини, тогда я разбужу тебя без двадцати десять.

                                                       3
        -    Я слышал, Дэвид, ты поступил в Оксфордский университет в этом году.
      -   Да, на экономический факультет, а что?
      -   Скажи, пожалуйста, тебе трудно заниматься?
      -   Да, работать приходится много. Я уже забыл, когда ходил в бассейн в последний раз. Только библиотека, читальный зал, компьютер, лаборатории. Но, говорят, потом будет легче.
      -  Я бы этого не сказал. Но если ты успешно закончишь университет, ты сможешь получить хорошую работу.

     Unit 2 Working Day 

Pretext Exercises

Ex. 1 Match each word in the left-hand column with the best 
meaning in the right-hand column. 

     1 to dress                      a) to prevent from sleeping;
     2 to listen to                  b) to buy some things or food;
     3 to cope with               c) to put on clothes;
     4 to wake                      d) to make clean with water or other liquid;
     5 to cook                       e)  to be still and quiet;
     6 to help                        f) to do part of the work of another person;
     7  to wash                      g) to manage successfully;
     8  to rest                        h)  to prepare food by heating;
     9  to do the shopping     i) to try to hear.

      Ex. 2 Read the text and define similarities with your working day.

 TEXT A     MY WORKING DAY

       I want to describe to you my daily actions which I do more or less regularly.  There is little variation in my life, all days except weekends look very much the same.
On weekdays the alarm clock wakes me up and my working day begins. I am not an early riser and I hate getting up early, but I got used to it. If it is spring or summer I jump out of bed, run to the window and open it wide to let the fresh morning air in. The bright sun and the singing of birds set me into a cheerful working mood. In winter I am not so quick to leave my bed, and I bury my head under the pillow pretending not to hear the alarm-clock. But all the same, it is time to get up and I start getting ready for my studies. I make my bed and go to the bathroom where I turn on the hot and cold taps , wash my hands and face with soap, clean (brush) my teeth with toothpaste. I take a shower either in the morning or in the evening. If I am not short of time I tidy up my room. I am through with it in ten minutes.
As a rule, I have a quick light breakfast. Though the doctors say it must be the most substantial meal of the day, I have neither time nor inclination to cook it. So I just have a cup of coffee and some sandwiches. After breakfast I leave for the University. As I live in the suburbs every weekday I commute to the city. It takes me forty minutes to get to the University. But if the weather is nice I can't help walking a couple of bus stops. On my way I often meet my University-mates and we go on together talking shop. 
Six or eight lessons (three or four periods) a day is our ordinary timetable. The university is the place where I feel myself at home, it is the centre of my activities. I seldom have lunch at the canteen because I usually have a packed one with me (an apple and a sandwich). After dinner I hurry to the library or to the reading-hall to get ready for the next day.
When I come home I change and have dinner which is nearly always ready just in time. Or I have a bite before my parents come home. I like having dinner together with them as this is the only time of the day when we are together at table and when we can talk and share our impressions. 
Then it's time to have a rest before doing my home assignments. While resting, I listen to music or look through newspapers or magazines. It takes me about four hours to cope with my homework properly. So I normally don't have time for television or friends because I have to work hard as I am anxious to do well in all the subjects. I must admit, that University life doesn't seem very interesting to me. But people say "Much work and no play never make people gay". Thus I leave my weekends for relaxation. 
At 11 o'clock or even later I go to bed. 

Exercises on the text 

Ex.  1 Fill in the missing word.

1 There was little … in my life when I was at school, all days … weekends looked … . 2 I am not … but I had to … . 3 I had neither … nor … to cook breakfast. 4 Six or seven lessons a day was our … . 5 After supper I usually … for some time. 6 As I live in the suburb, every day I … to work. 7 I begin my work at nine a.m. and I am … with it at 5.30 p.m. 8 In the morning I .. my head  under the pillow pretending  not to hear … . 9 Singing of birds puts me into a …. 10 I must …, that it is my granny who prepares a … lunch for me.

Ex.  2 Fill in prepositions where necessary.

1  When people say "They are talking … shop" they mean "They are discussing their professional topics". 2 Rubbing oneself … a towel is a kind … massage. 3 I am always short … time in the morning as I can't get used … getting up in time. 4 Can't we stay at home … such a horrible day instead of going out? 5 Actually I have very little time … television as I can hardly cope … my home assignments. 6 It takes me half … an hour to get … the University so I have to leave … it …a quarter past seven. 7 There is little variation … my life . 8 I heard the bell ring and jumped … … bed to open the door. 9 Are you pressed … time.

Ex. 3 Translate into English and use the word combinations in the sentences of your own.

слушать музыку по радио; 		прятать голову под подушкой;
заниматься домашним заданием;	ни времени, ни желания;
иметь достаточно времени на;		самая плотная еда;
расслабиться на некоторое время;	привыкать к;
успевать по английскому языку;	переодеться;
по дороге в школу;				обменяться мнениями.
чистить зубы зубной щеткой и пастой;
      Ex. 4 Interpret the following sentences so as to use word-combinations from the text. 

1	I am not an early bird.
2	In the morning I like to listen in.
3	Our usual timetable is six lessons a day. 
4	It takes me three hours to do my homework. 
5	All the days of the week look very much alike.
6	I sometimes take a shower two times a day. 
7	I took off my school uniform and put on a dressing gown. 
8	I never have any desire or time to cook.
9	If you want to have something to eat, take my lunch that my mother has packed for me.

Speech Exercises

Ex. 1 Work in pairs. Divide the text into two parts, ask 5-6 general questions on it.  Tick a positive answer for yourself and your partner. See the model.

yourself             your partner
Do you get up at 7 o’clock?                       +                     -
--------------------I-------------------
Have you ever been late for classes?         -                      +
--------------------I--------------------
Compare your working days. Begin your sentences with one of the phrases:
Neither my friend nor I ...
Both my friend  and I ...
Either of us ...

Ex. 2 Enlarge on the following ideas.

1   Usually in the morning I am not so quick to leave my bed.
2   But all the same, it’s time to get up.
3   It doesn’t take me long to have breakfast.
4   I live a long way (not far) from the University.
5   Our break for lunch is not long enough. 
6   I come home round about 3 p.m.
7   Evening is the only time of the day to talk to my parents and to see and go out with my friends.
      Ex. 3 Write a short composition on the topic: When at school my working day was a bit different from what I have now. 

 Ex. 4 In the text below you will find a description of a housewife's working day. Look it through and consider whether Mrs. O'Nail works harder than her husband does during the day.

 TEXT B   A HOUSEWIFE’S EASY DAY

 Who works harder – the man who goes to work or his wife who stays at home with the children?
 How far does the average housewife travel as she cleans, dusts, washes and runs after the children?
 Mrs. Peggy O'Nail took part in an experiment to find the answer. She wore a pedometer for a whole day. A pedometer is something that measures how far a person walks. Mrs. O'Nail kept her usual schedule during the test.
 Her day started at 7.30 a.m. when she made breakfast for her husband and children. She did the dishes, made the beds and took the children to the nursery school.
 During the morning she cleaned the bedroom and the bathroom and washed three loads of laundry in the washing-machine. She also went next door to water her neighbour's plants. 
 She collected the children at noon and then made lunch, vacuumed the floors and cleaned the windows. Then came the evening meal for the family and more dishes.
 Mrs. O'Nail's total working distance was 7.5 miles.

 Ex. 5 Develop the following situations. 

 1 Mr. O'Nail comes home in the evening and asks his wife about her working day. She tells him about it.
 2  A TV team decided to make a film about Mrs. O'Nail's working day. Say what they watched her doing, like this: They watched her making breakfast. Use Complex Object.
 3  Speak about Mrs. O'Nail's day off. Begin like this: Usually she gets up at 7.30. But today she is still in bed. She is having a lie-in. 

      Ex.  6 Write a composition about your mother's working day.

 Unit 3  Daily Routine

 Pretext Exercises

 Ex. 1 Form derivatives from the given words and translate them into Russian.

-	nouns: aware, loud
-	adjectives: disaster, stereotype 
-	adverbs: literal, actual, main, eventual, rough, continuous, preferable
-	verbs: success, benefit, conviction, centre, a baby sitter.

Ex.2 Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined phrases.

      1   I got used to waking up when my radio alarm buzzes.
 2   I don’t usually have a lie-in on my working days as not to be late for
my studies.
 3   It’s really crucial for me  to get to the bottom of this problem.
 4   I usually go to bed at about 11 p.m. when I've worried myself silly.
 5   My trick to pretend to be fatally ill usually doesn't work.
 6  I don’t let  my basketball practice interfere with the studies.
 7  I'm not keen on the idea of being a stereotypical mother/housewife.

 Ex. 3 Look at the title. What information do you expect from the article?

       Ex. 4 Read the text and while reading find English equivalents in the text.

     Выползать из кровати, успевать в школе, чувство отставания, мешать работе в школе, сконцентрировать внимание, делать попытки, вероятные в будущем должности, принять (изменить) решение, двигаться в любом направлении, присматривать за детьми, засыпать, изводить себя, получить намного лучшую работу.

TEXT A    A  DAY IN THE LIFE OF…

Debra Mc Arthur, fifteen, lives in Wallsend on Tyneside where she is in form 5 at Burnside High School. Debra hopes to take three "A" levels before going on to university.
At roughly 7.30 a.m. my radio alarm buzzes. As it is actually on my bed it literally blasts me into awareness of the morning. This is due to the loudness I need to wake me. I lie for a while deciding whether to pretend to be fatally ill. This trick usually doesn't work, but I try anyway. My mother never believes me.
So I finally crawl out of bed. By this time it is 8 a.m. – the time I used to leave the house for school I convinced my father that it would benefit my health and welfare to receive another hour in bed and be taken to school at 8.40 a.m. by car. He agreed.
As I work in a shop which sells jeans on a Saturday, I only have a lie-in on Sundays – and what a lie-in. I have my Sunday breakfast at about 3 p.m., followed by lunch at 5.30 p.m. My mother doesn't approve, and my father thinks it is a big joke I think it is neither disastrous nor funny – it's crucial.
I usually enjoy school if I'm up-to-date with my schoolwork. I hate the feeling of being left behind with anything. I enjoy school mainly because of the number of friends I have there. I also hate being alone. Another good reason for coming to school is to see my boy-friend, Craig, who I meet every lunchtime. However, I don't let this interfere with my schoolwork. I believe that if I centre my full attention on either one or the other I will lose out somewhere.
At lunchtime I either go on a binge or I starve myself. I usually starve for two reasons: either to make up for the binge which took place the previous day or to save money.
After school I either have basketball practice for the school team, or I go home to get myself ready to go out with Craig. I see Craig almost every evening. He says he doesn't mind what I look like but I like to feel as though I've made an effort. I either do my homework before I see him, during the time I see him, or when he leaves for the bus at 11 p.m. – which would explain why I get up so late. Either way my homework gets done.
When I go to bed I often think about possible careers and dream of becoming rich and famous due to an outstanding talent that no one has discovered yet (just like they do in the movies). Then I allow myself to worry about anything and everything. I worry about school, money, my future, the next day, what I look like, what people think about me and what I could do to change the way people think about me. I usually fall asleep at about 1 a.m. when I've worried myself silly.
I really enjoy looking after young children. They are so interesting. It was my ambition to be a nanny or nursery nurse, but efforts to make me change my mind eventually succeeded. "You're too bright". "There's no money in it". "You'd get bored". "You'd be able to get a far better job." I suppose I could babysit until I have children of my own. I'm looking forward very much to having children, but I'm not keen on the idea of being a stereotypical mother/housewife. I also want a career, and a good one, but doing what? I wish I knew! My father continuously asks whether I've made up my mind yet. Now I'm concentrating on getting good exam results so that I'll have a solid base to move in any direction – preferably upwards.

Exercises on the text

Ex. 1 Explain the meaning of the following words and word-combinations.

High school;   				to go on a binge;
"A" levels;					to starve oneself;
awareness of the morning;			to centre one's attention;
to benefit one's health;			to worry somebody silly;
to be left behind;                                   ambition. 

Ex. 2 Make up sentences using word combinations from the text synonymous to those given below.

      Due to, to contribute to one's health, not to eat anything for a long time, to lie in bed till late in the morning, to be deadly ill, to concentrate one's attention, joyful, to make somebody do what you want, to save money for something, to play basketball regularly, a film, to be anxious about something, to be fond of the idea, a possible successful job, an ordinary housewife.

Ex. 3 Translate into English.

1	Звонит будильник.
2	Я притворяюсь смертельно больной, но трюк не срабатывает.
3	Я хочу поспать еще часок, но приходится выползать из кровати, чтобы не опоздать в школу.
4	Я убеждаю папу, что это принесет пользу моему здоровью.
5	Над моей привычкой поваляться в постели подшучивают (to be teased at something), но для меня это очень важно.
6	Мой парень – это еще одна причина ходить в школу. Но я не позволяю нашим отношениям мешать занятиям.
7	Если сконцентрировать свое внимание на чем-то одном, можно упустить много интересного.
8	Я мечтаю стать богатой и известной, благодаря таланту, который еще никому не известен.
9	Я беспокоюсь о том, что люди думают обо мне и как бы я могла изменить их мнение.
10	Я люблю присматривать за детьми, и  моя мечта - стать  няней в детском саду. 

Speech Exercises

Ex. 1 Note any similarities between Debra's life and yours. List five ways in which her life is quite different from yours.

Ex.  2 What are the main questions answered in each paragraph?

Example:Paragraph 1
What time do you get up? Do you like getting up? Do you find it easy?
Write down your questions. You will need them later.

Ex.3 Work in groups and discuss these questions.

-	Do you think Debra gets on with her parents? Why/Why not?
-	Do you think her family should have stopped her wanting to become a nanny?
-	How does Debra's life compare with yours? Do you think it is easier or more difficult? Why? Would you like to be her? Support your answers by referring to the article.

Share your answers with the class.

Ex. 4 Find out your partner's routines and habits.

Use the list of questions you made earlier as a basis for interviewing your partner. Ask additional questions if you want to. 
Make notes of her/his answers and use your questions and the Improve your Writing notes to write a piece called "A life in the day of …" about your partner. Use about 120 words.
Show your draft to your partner and let her/him correct it before copying out a final version.
       Unit 4 Spring Cleaning and Duties about the House

 Pretext Exercises

 Ex. 1 Say what are your duties about the house? Talk about the domestic chores using the given word combinations and the emphatic construction “It is … who …”  
 
 To make one’s bed, to tidy up one’s room, to dust the things, to clean the carpet with a vacuum (to hoover the carpet), to beat the carpet, to polish the floor, to lay the table, to wash up, to do the shopping (cleaning, cooking, ironing), to do the room (house), to brush one’s clothes (shoes), to sweep the floor, to press, to repair, to put right, to mend, to whitewash the ceiling, to repaper the walls, to empty the rubbish bin.

      Ex. 2 Say what work is done weekly, monthly, yearly. What is the busiest time of the year when you have to do very much about the house.

      Ex. 3 Read the text and while reading find answers to the questions given below.

1	When do we give our house a special clean?
2	Does it mean that housewives neglect their work at other times during the year?
3	Why can’t we give our house a thorough cleaning every week?
4	When do we clear a room entirely of furniture?
5	What can men help the women with during the cleaning?
6	What kinds of work do women do while their husbands are at their work?
7	How does the house look after some days of this extra housework?
8	When do we generally get rid of unwanted or valueless objects?
9	Where are the things that have been given up for lost sometimes found during the cleaning?
10	Why is spring chosen to make our homes specially fresh-looking and clean?

 TEXT A    SPRING CLEANING

 In England and some other countries it is a custom to give the house
a special clean in the spring. It is not that housewives neglect their work at other times during the year, but there are some things which it is difficult to do daily or even weekly. For example, heavy cupboards, which need two men to lift them, are often never moved except at the spring cleaning, and naturally the narrow space behind them, and the floor on which they stand, become dusty and dirty. Every effort is made to clean the house thoroughly from top to bottom. Sometimes a room is entirely cleared of furniture so that the ceiling, walls and floors can be dealt with; small repairs are done, and, if possible, a certain amount of repainting. 
For women, it is especially busy time; for men, it is the time to keep out of the way, except for the help they can give with moving furniture before they go off to the office, and putting it back when they return in the evening. While they are absent, the cleaning and dusting, the beating of the carpets, mats, and rugs, the polishing of brass and woodwork go on, and after some days of this extra housework the house itself looks almost new. The opportunity is taken to get rid of unwanted or valueless objects, and to buy things that may be needed. Often something that has been given up for lost comes to light behind the cupboard or a drawer where it has fallen. 
Although we consider that the year begins on January 1st, the natural beginning of the year is spring. Perhaps that is why this is the season usually chosen to make our homes specially fresh-looking and clean. Just as nature brings out the new green leaves and bright flowers, and even the birds build themselves new nests so we ourselves make an effort after winter to start a new year with the self-respect that cleanliness always gives.
Note: clean – (here) cleaning.

Exercises on the text

Ex.1 Find in the text sentences with the following expressions and translate them into Russian.

to give the house a special clean;		to keep out of the way;
to neglect one’s work;			          unwanted objects;
to clean from top to bottom;			to give up for lost.

Ex. 2 Rephrase the sentences using words from the text.

1	We always try to give our house a thorough cleaning.
2	It's time for men not to be in the way.
3	The tradition to clean the house properly exists in many countries.
4	It is men who have to do some mending.
5	We use this opportunity to throw away unwanted things and something that is of no value. 
6	She is the kind of woman who disregards her house duties.
7	Spring cleaning is just the time to polish things made of wood.
8	I don't like to do anything with whitewashing and repairing.

Ex. 3 Agree or disagree with the following ideas.

1	We make every effort to clean our house thoroughly from top to bottom twice a year, during the so-called New Year and spring cleanings.
2	There are people who never throw away unwanted or valueless objects.
3	Spring cleaning is the most exciting time for you.
4	You have never found things that were given up for lost.
5	Cleaning gives you the feeling of self-respect.
6	Men are useless at the time of spring cleaning.

Ex. 4 Enlarge on the following.

1   Spring cleaning makes your life difficult.
2   Cleaning of the kitchen takes most of your time.
3   In spring people are like birds who build their nests.
4   You know some secrets that make your life easier at spring cleaning.

Speech Exercises

Ex.1 Work in pairs and ask each other questions concerning spring cleaning.

Ex. 2 Give an account of how you gave your flat a thorough cleaning.

     Part 5 Person’s Accommodation

     Unit 1 Rooms and Furniture

Ex. 1 What are the rooms and places in the left column for? Match them with the words from the right column.

The kitchen	a place to keep your car.	
The hall	a room for sleeping in	
The bathroom	a room used for reading, writing etc.	
The study                     	a place for children to live	
The bedroom                     	a place to have meals.	
The dining room  	a part of a building with glass walls and roof in which plants are protected  
from  cold.	
The sitting-room     	a room in which food is kept.	
The nursery                       	a small room for storing things.	
The garage		a passage space into which the main entrance or front  door of a building opens.	
The patio	a place where upper clothes are left.	
The cloakroom	a paved area near a house used for eating outside etc.	
The closet	place to relax, watch TV and talk.	
The conservatory		a place to wash yourself.	
The pantry                         	a room in which meals are cooked.	

Ex. 2 You are going to furnish your new flat. Choose the pieces of furniture for:
          
a)	a dining room;  b) a sitting-room; c) a bedroom.

suite of  furniture/ 3 suite piece set
two/three seater sofa
sofa bed
chest of drawers (3 drawer cabinet/ 2+5 drawer chest)
tall boy                                               divan-bed
wardrobe                                             light fitting
dressing table                                      wall light
bedside cabinet                                   duvet
drop leaf table                                     chandelier
(oval) butterfly table                           desk lamp
dining suite (a table + 4 chairs)          table lamp
dresser                                                standard lamp
display cabinet                                    floor standing uplighter
lounge Unit                                         decorative ceiling fan with 
sideboard                                            triple lights
Hi-Fi / entertainment Unit                  shoe storage cabinet

Ex. 3 Guess the word according to the description. The prompt is in the right column.

1	an object operated by an electric                            sofa bed
motor for making a current of air                                     suite
to cool a room;                                                                  cabinet                                        
2	a piece of kitchen furniture with                             sofa
shelves for dishes and cupboards,                                    duvet   
below often with drawers for cutlery;                               chandelier                                    
3	a bed quilt (filled with feathers or an                      dresser 
artificial substitute) used   in place of blankets;                fan
4	 a set of furniture;                                                    shelf bookcase                                          
5	a cupboard or a case for storing or                          occasional table    
displaying things;                             
6	branched hanging support for lights;                     
7	sofa that can be converted into bed;                      
8	long upholstered seat with raised                          
back and ends;                                   
9	a cabinet of shelves for books;
10	a small table for use as required.  

 Ex. 4 Think of the possible word-combinations with the following words. 

 Sofa, cabinet, table, suite, unit, lamp, room. 

 Ex. 5 Give English equivalents to:
      Мебельный гарнитур; диван-кровать; туалетный столик; стол-книга; журнальный столик; кухонный буфет; музыкальный центр; книжный шкаф; торшер с освещением, направленным вверх; тумба для обуви; настольная лампа; пуховое одеяло; комод; набор мебели для гостиной; люстра (канделябр).

      Ex. 6 Insert words given below and you'll get the description of a living-room.

 Our living-room is the largest and most comfortable room in the flat. In the middle of the room we have … . To the right of it there is … . At the opposite wall there is/are … . Between the two large windows there is … . … is in the left-hand corner. We have… on the walls. There is a beautiful … on the ceiling. On the windows there are … of pink colour. We have … of the latest model in the right-hand corner. There are two comfortable … in front of it. Nothing is more pleasant in rainy weather than to sit in a comfortable armchair and watch TV.

a lounge unit, an entertainment unit,  a corner cabinet, an occasional table, a floor  standing uplighter, a shelf bookcase, water colours, a three seater sofa, chanderlier, venetian blinds, a TV-set, an armchair.

      Ex. 7 Make a written description of a room in not more than 200 words.

      a) a dining room;
      b)  a sitting-room;
      c) a bedroom.

      Ex. 8 Write an essay "The Room I Like Best in Our Flat".

 Unit 2 English Dwellings

 Ex.1 Study and memorize the topical vocabulary.  
                            
 wall                                                   dwelling
 balcony                                              flat / apartment
 banisters                                             block of flats
 pergola                                               terraced house
 fence                                                  semi-detached house
 tile n / v                                              cottage
 gate                                                     detached house
 garage                                                 bungalow
 lawn                                                    roof
 flowerbed                                           storey
 chimney                                              floor
 window-sill                                         ceiling
 patio                                                    basement
 spy hole / peephole                             stairs

 Ex. 2 Scan the text, be ready to answer the question given below.

 No visitor to Britain can help being struck by the many building sites and the relatively large number of new houses and flats that he sees in the suburbs of towns and cities all over the country. The overwhelming majority of these dwellings are two-story houses built either in rows (terraced houses), in pairs (semi-detached houses), or singly (detached houses), with a small enclosed garden at the front and the back. In recent years a considerably higher proportion of new housing has been in the forms of flats, and blocks of flats have not become a common feature of the urban scene. Nevertheless, the traditional British prejudice in favour of house has only been modified, not fundamentally changed. An increasing number of people chiefly elderly persons and childless, prefer to live in bungalows.

 What types of dwellings exist in Britain?

      Ex. 3 Give the names to the accommodations described here.

1	A house where all the rooms are on the ground floor, there are no stairs.
2	These houses are attached to each other in a long row. They are usually found in towns and cities and were earlier called townhouses.
3	It is a large building divided into separate parts (especially flats and offices).
4	These houses share a central wall, they are usually built in pairs. A house has a small garden in front and a fence divides a larger garden at the back. 
5	This house has land all around it. 
6	It is a house situated in the countryside. Lots of people prefer to live in such houses and work in towns.

Ex. 4 Choose the best alternative to fill the gaps in these sentences.

1	Some buildings have a basement room where things are stored called a … .
          attic     cave      cellar      grave      loft
2	Some rooms don’t have curtains at the windows, they have
… instead.
         blinds      carpets      glass     stores      wallpaper
3	We haven’t got a garage, so we leave our car outside the flat in the … .
        drive    garden      parking      patio      pavement
4	He keeps all his tools and do-it-yourself equipment in a …. in the
back garden.
        barn     bungalow      hut      shack     shed    stable
5	In your own garden, you can sunbathe on the … in the summer.
      field     flowerbed       lawn     meadow      pasture 

      Ex. 5 Talk about the house you'd like to have in future. Use the given words and word combinations. Think about the modern conveniences you would like to install in it.

  A cottage, a flat, a terraced house, bungalow, a storey, a balcony, stairs,  banisters, a pergola, a fence, a garage, a lawn, a flower bed, a patio, electricity, gas, (central) heating, hot and cold running water, a chute, a telephone, a lift, a security system, a video entry phone.

       Ex. 6 Fill in these sentences with a suitable word. There may be several possibilities.

      The Clarks live in a tiny  apartment on the top f… of a b… of flats in the city centre. It has c… h… so it is very warm in the winter. It does not have a… c… because the summers are never very hot. They were lucky to find it because a… is very scarce in the city and it’s easier to find a flat in a new estate on the o… of the city or in the s.. .
     Their dream is to m… to the country and live in an old c… in a little v… . Where they live now, their n…-d… n… are always c… about the noise when Jane plays her trumpet, and they haven’t got r… for their things: there aren’t enough s… in the l… for all the children’s books and the … in the bedroom aren’t big enough for all Tom’s clothes.
     But if they didn’t find a place in the country, they’d have to buy it and pay the m… every month – more than the r… they pay to their l… at the moment. Still they wouldn’t mind this if they could live somewhere that was more s… 

 Ex. 7 Think of your own short situations with the following words and word – combinations. 

 To make the room cozy; to be in a mess, it's my turn to …. , to put in order, to begin with, to be out of order, to burn out, to move into a new flat, to wipe the dust off, to wet the duster, to tidy up the room, to start with.

      Ex. 8 Dwell on the following situations:  

a)	Try to help your friend. She has moved into a new flat but she has no idea how  to  furnish it.
b)	Calm down your mother who is upset, because haven’t tidied up your room yet Give your reasons why you haven’t done  it, promise to do it in an hour.
c)	Convince your husband to buy a new fridge as your fridge has been out of order for two days.

      Unit 3 How to Sell and How to Buy a House 

      Pretext Exercises

      Ex. 1 Discuss the questions.

1	Do you want to break away from your parental family and live in a
house of your own?
2	Would you prefer to rent a flat or buy it? Why? 
3	Is it a big problem for you to buy a flat or a house?

 Ex. 2 Read the text and find where it is said about:

a)	an estate agent's business;  
b)	main functions of a building society.
TEXT A   HOW TO SELL AND HOW TO BUY A HOUSE

Let us imagine that Mr. and Mrs. Smith want to sell their house.
First, they ask one or more local estate agents to visit the house and tell them how much they should be able to sell it for. They will also want to know how much the agent will charge for his services (usually between 1% and 2% of the selling price). If the Smiths are happy with his proposals, the agent will publish details of the house in the form of giveaway leaflets and possibly in the local or even national newspapers. The leaflet will describe the house in detail: the position, the number and sizes of its rooms, the garden and so on. 
Mr. and Mrs. Smith then wait for prospective buyers to arrive.
Imagine that Mr. and Mrs. Johnson want to buy a house in the same area. They go to the estate agency and inspect the details of the houses on offer. If they are attracted by the description of the Smiths’ House, they will visit the property to look at it. If they are still interested after seeing the house they may make an offer to the Smiths via the estate agent. Often the offer will be slightly less than the official “asking” price. If the Smiths agree, the house can be sold.
But the Johnsons probably do not have enough money to pay for the house immediately, so what do they do? They go to the second type of institution involved in house buying and selling - the building society.
A building society’s main function is to lend people like the Johnsons enough money to buy a house. Banks also offer a similar service.
Building societies make their money by borrowing money from some members of the public - their “depositors”- and lending it to others. Many British people have building society savings accounts. They save their money with a building society, which pays them interest. The society then lends this money to people who want to buy a house or flat and charges them an interest rate on the amount borrowed. This long-term loan is called a “mortgage”.
 So Mr. and Mrs. Johnson go to a local building society where they will be asked a number of questions - what type of jobs do they have? How much do they earn? What are their monthly expenses? And so on. The society will also inspect the house to see if it is worth the money they are being asked to lend. All being well, it will offer to lend the Johnsons up about 90 per cent of the price of the house to be paid back with interest over 25 years, or sometimes less. When all is agreed and the papers signed, the money is paid to the Smiths or to their legal representative - usually a solicitor - and the Johnsons can move in.
Over the 25 years, the Johnsons, because of the interest on the loan, will pay far more then the original price of the house - but since they are paying it in fairly small sums once a month they are, at least, able to afford it.  

 Exercises on the text

Ex. 1 Find the equivalents of the following words and phrases in the text.

1	to describe the position of the house, number and size of its rooms,
the garden and so on;   
2	to examine the details; 
3	a legal representative;
4	payment made by a borrower for a loan expressed as a percentage;
5	to get something on the understanding that it is to be returned;
6	to give on the understanding that it or its equivalent will be returned;
7	a person who deposits money in a bank;
8	a long-term loan;
9	to keep money for future use.

 Ex. 2 Explain the difference between:

      To borrow money – to lend money; 
 the price of the house on mortgage – the original price;
 the asking price – the selling price.  

      Ex. 3 Insert prepositions.

      1 An estate agency is, essentially, a shop which arranges the sale … houses. 2  The agent will charge … his services, usually … 1% and 2% … the selling price. 3 The leaflet will describe the house … detail.  4 Mr. and Mrs. Smith then will wait … prospective buyers to arrive. 5 They will go … the estate agency and inspect the details … the houses … offer. 6 You can make an offer … the estate agent. 7 Building societies make their money … borrowing it … some members … the public - their "depositors" – and lending it … others. 8 The building society charges a higher interest rate … the amount borrowed. 9 All being well the building society will offer to lend the Johnson's … … 90 per cent … the price of the house, to be paid back …  interest … 25 years, or sometimes less.

     Speech Exercises

      Ex. 1 Explain how you understand the following statements.

 1  I'd like to know how much the agent will charge for his services.
 2  Mr. and Mrs. Smith then wait for prospective buyers to arrive.
 3  If they are attracted by the description of the Smiths' house they will
visit the property to look at it.
 4  Often the offer will be slightly less than the official "asking" price. 
 5  Banks also offer a similar service.
 6   They save their money with a building society, which pays them interest.
 7   A building society charges them a higher interest rate on the amount
borrowed.
 8   What are monthly expenses?
 9   They may make an offer via the estate agent. 

      Ex. 2 Answer the questions. 

1	What is an estate agency? 2  If Mr. and Mrs. Smith want to sell their
house, what will they do first? 3 What will they want to know from an estate agent first? 4 What will the agent start his work with? 5  How can Mr. and Mrs. Johnson know about the houses on offer? 6 Can the price be negotiated? 7  Where can people get money to buy a property? 8 How do building societies function? 9 What is a mortgage? 10 What questions will Mr. and Mrs. Johnson be asked at a local building society and why? 
11 How will the mortgage be paid back? 12 Why do people want to get mortgages?

      Ex. 3 You are a) an estate agent; b) the manager of a building society. Advertise your organization.

 Ex. 4 You are a representative of a building society. Convince your friend who wants to buy a house but doesn't have the necessary sum of money to come to your office and settle the business.  

 Ex. 5 You want to buy a house but you can't find anything to your liking in the newspaper. That's why you've decided to apply to an estate agent. Make up a list of details (the type of the house and conveniences) you are interested in. The estate agent is trying to help you.  

      Unit 4 Renting a Flat / House

 Pretext Exercises

      Ex. 1 Translate the following sentences. Compare the ways of expressing the same idea in English and in Russian.

 1 Anna is working in the London sales office of Lufthansa, the big Ger-
man airline. 2  ... she cannot find a room of her own. 3 At the moment she is staying with a cousin in Putney, a suburb of London. 4 The two girls do not get on well together. 5 Can she find a room in Putney for a reasonable rent? 6 Anna asked the manager for the morning off. The manager said that she could have the whole day free. 7 Anna set off for the offices of the Echo, the local newspaper to put an advertisement. 8 They crossed the bridge over the river and walked along the busy High Street. Then they climbed a steep hill and took the third turning on the left. 9 Anna pulled back the curtain and looked at the rest of the room. 10 The curtains were also red, but of a lighter shade. 11 There were two reading lamps and a few pictures on the walls. 12 She had already decided that she wanted the room. 

      Ex. 2 Read the text and find out why the girl made up her mind to rent the room.

 TEXT A    A ROOM WITH A VIEW  

      Anna  is working in London sales office of Luffthansa,  the big German airline. She is going to be in London for at least two years. She likes the job; she likes London. The reason she is not happy is that she cannot find a room of her own. She has looked at many flats but they have all been so expensive. At the moment she is staying with a cousin in Putney, a suburb of London. The two girls do not get on well together. Anna knows that she must find a room of her own. She likes Putney. The journey to her office only takes twenty minutes. So the question is: Can she find a room in Putney for a reasonable rent?
 On Tuesday, April the 15th, Anna asked the manager for the morning off. The manager said that she could have the whole day free. She left the house and got a bus to Putney Bridge. Anna set off for the offices of the Echo, the local newspaper, to put an advertisement. She arrived at the offices of the Echo at twenty past nine and went up to the advertising department on the second floor.
 Opposite her she saw a pretty, dark-haired girl and smiled at her. The girl was also filling in a form.
 Anna looked at the girl for a while and finally said:
 Anna: Excuse me. I’m not quite sure how you say this in English. Do you say :”I want to let a room” or “I want to rent a room?”
      Girl: Well, that depends. Have you got a room, or…
      Anna: No, I want one …
 Girl: Then you want to rent a room. You rent a room from someone, you let a room to someone.
Anna: I see. I always mix up those two verbs.
Susan: You speak very good English. Where do you come from?
     Anna: Germany. My home’s in Hamburg. My name’s Anna Clein.
 Susan: How do you do? I’m Susan Bond. (They shake hands) You say you’re looking for a room?
Anna: Yes.
Susan: Furnished or unfurnished?
Anna: Furnished.
Susan: Hm. How much do you want to pay?
Anna: Not more than five pounds a week.
Susan: That’s funny. We want to let a room, and the rent is five pounds a week. Why don’t you come and see it? It’s quite near here.
      Susan and Anna left the offices of the Echo together. They crossed the bridge over the river and walked along the busy High Street. Then they climbed a steep hill and took the third turning on the left. The name of the street was Chestnut Avenue.
      It was a tall, well-built house. Anna liked the look of it immediately. Susan walked up a short flight of steps and opened the front door. Anna followed her into the hall.
  Susan: Mother’s out. But I can show you the room. It’s on the top floor. (They climbed the stairs). Here we are. (She opens a door on the landing at the top of the stairs).
 Anna: What a lovely room!
 Susan: You like it?
 Anna: Yes, I do. Very much. (She walks over to the window and looks at the view). And such a marvelous view! Doesn’t the river look beautiful when the sun’s shining on it? I do like to live near the water. You’ve got a very nice garden, haven’t you?
 Anna liked the room very much. It was bigger than she expected -  about twenty feet (6 meters) long by sixteen feet  (5 meters) wide. One end had a curtain in front of it. Anna looked behind the curtain. In one corner there was a wash-basin. She turned on the taps. The water from the hot tap was really hot. There was also an electric cooker, and on a shelf above it there were three new saucepans and a frying pan. Beside the cooker there was a small cupboard. Anna opened it. In it there were plates, cups, saucers and a teapot. In a drawer at the top there were knives, forks and spoons. This part of the room was really a small kitchen. Anna pulled back the curtain and looked at the rest of the room.
 The carpet was light grey and covered most of the floor. In front of the gas fire there was a thick red rug. The curtains were also red – but of a lighter shade. The walls were white. The sun was now shining brightly through the window. It was a cheerful comfortable room.
 Beneath the window there was a dressing-table with three drawers and a mirror. There were two armchairs, a small table with reading lamps and a few pictures on the walls. Anna did not like the pictures. “I’ll soon change those”, she thought, for she had already decided that she wanted the room. Next to the gas fire there was a large built-in cupboard for clothes.
 That evening Anna met Mrs. Bond. The two of them got on very well.
 Mrs. Bond: Well, that’s fine, Anna. We’ll be very pleased to have you. When do you want to move in?
 Anna: May I come on Saturday?
 Mrs. Bond: Yes, of course. I’ll be in all Saturday morning. I hope you‘ll like it here.
 So, Anna got a room with a view over the river Thames.

       Exercises on the text

Ex. 1 Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian phrases. Arrange them into groups according to the subject matter.

По крайней мере; своя собственная комната; посмотреть много квартир; дорогой (о цене); дорога на работу занимает 20 минут; умеренная плата за квартиру; во вторник 15 апреля; можете быть свободны весь день; отправиться куда-либо;  редакция местной газеты; поместить объявление; отдел объявлений на третьем этаже; заполнить бланк(анкету); напротив кого-либо; улыбнуться кому-либо; смотреть на кого-либо некоторое время; сказать что-либо по-английски; сдавать комнату кому-либо; меблированная комната; шесть метров в длину и 5 метров в ширу; на верхнем этаже; заглянуть за занавес; повернуть краны;  рядом с чем-либо; в ящике наверху; ковер покрывал почти весь пол; быть более светлым по тону; настольная лампа; въехать в квартиру.

Ex. 2 Disagree with the following statements and correct them. Give reasons for your disagreement. Make sure you begin your answer with such commonly accepted phrases as:

       I don’t think that’s quite right.
       You are not quite right (there).
       I’m afraid I don’t agree with you.
       That’s not quite right.

1	When Anna asked her manager for the morning off, he refused.
2	Anna is staying at the hotel but she wants a room of her own.
3	Anna doesn’t like Putney.
4	On the morning of April the 15th Anna set off for shopping.
5	Susan was the first to start the conversation.
6	Anna left the office of the Echo alone and went to her office.
7	When the girls arrived Mrs. Bond was busy in the kitchen.
8	At first Anna didn’t like the house and the room.
9	Anna decided not to change anything in the room.
10	Anna decided to move in the next day.
11	When Mrs. Bond met Anna, she was disappointed.

      Speech Exercises

      Ex. 1 Talk about: 

 a) Anna’s decision to have a room of her own;  
 b) Anna’s meeting with Susan;
 c) Susan’s house and the room Anna got. 
           
      Ex. 2 Discuss with your group mates: 

a)	if it is difficult to rent a flat for a student;
b)	where you can find information about flats to let;
c)	what one must do to rent a house/ flat/ room.
     
Ex. 3 You want to let a room. Make up an advertisement to a local newspaper.

Unit 5  The House of the Future

     Pretext Exercises

Ex 1 Study the topical vocabulary.

air-conditioner                                             get in touch 
automated                                                    high-tech
automatic                                                     lazy
automation                                                   light switch
break in                                                        operate
button                                                           program
call up                                                           put in
check                                                            run
console                                                         sensor 
convenient                                                    set up
exhibit                                                          smoke alarm
fire alarm                                                      spot
gas leak                                                         system

Ex. 2 Answer the questions given below taking into consideration that automation is the use of automatic equipment and machines to do work previously done by people.

1	How much automation is there in your home?
2	What would you expect to find in a fully automated house?

Ex. 3 Read the text and consider whether automation has changed
the Ozakis’ lives.

TEXT A   THE HOUSE THAT THINKS FOR ITSELF

The Ozakis had a dream house which was built a few months ago. In the kitchen, they have put in a 128-button computer console that allows them to control every light switch in the house, start the bath or shower running at precisely the temperature that they choose, look all the doors and program the air-conditioners. The doors open and shut automatically as they approach. If they are out, they can call up and check that they have locked all the doors and if somebody breaks in, the security system will get in touch with them and the police. Smoke and fire alarms, gas leak sensors and panic buttons are also wired in. Mrs. Ozaki says home automation has great advantages.
Automation has changed our lives. We don't have to waste our energy. The more rooms you have, the more convenient it is. You can operate everything from one spot.
Does it make you lazy?
I think it's convenient. That's a bit different from being lazy. Even with home automation you can't do everything lying down. 
However fantastic the house may seem, the fact is that Japanese scientists are already setting up systems that make the Ozakis’ home seem old-fashioned by comparison, and if all goes well, by the and of this decade they will have developed not only a thinking house but intelligent home appliances as well. 
 
Exercises on the text

Ex. 1 Replace the words in italics with the correct form of a phrasal verb from the text.

a)	The thieves entered without permission.
b)	They can telephone the computer and order it to lock the doors.
c)	The couple installed a computer.
d)	The system can contact the police.
e)	Scientists are establishing new systems.

Ex. 2 Find in the text expressions in which the following words (attributes) are used and translate them.

 Dream, button, light, air, security, smoke, fire, panic, gas.

Ex. 3 Answer the following questions on the text.

1	What is the function of the computer console in the Ozakis’ kitchen?
2	What is the security system for?
3	What reasons does Mrs. Ozaki give for an automated house.

Speech Exercises

Ex. 1 Discuss with you friend if you would like to have something similar in you house. Give your reasons for and against automation in our houses.

Ex. 2 Look through the dialogue and remember the appliances, furniture and parts of the home that are mentioned.  

JE.  Home automation is big business in Japan. By the end of this decade, it will be worth at least 4 billion a year in Japan alone. So what can we hope to see? Earlier this week our correspondent spoke to Dr. Nakamura, an expert on home automation.
M.	   Well, I have been working on a thinking house for five years now. I've completed the initial plans and if all goes well we will have built and completed three in the Tokyo area by the year 2010.
JE.   What will the houses be like?
M.	   Well, from the outside they will look like ordinary houses but each house will be governed by 1,000 computers, sensors, and electronic switches.
JE.   What will they do?
N.	   Well, basically, they will control the house for the owner. For example, the windows will open and close themselves depending on the weather. When it gets dark, the curtains will close automatically and the lights will come on, and if you decide to play the drums late at night, the central computer will shut all the doors and windows to avoid disturbing the neighbours. We'll also have other features like an intelligent kitchen which will show you how to cook and measure the ingredients, and a central cleaning system that sucks up dust as soon as it lands. We're still working on the design but I expect we'll have thought of most things by the time we finish.
LE.  I'm sure Dr. Nakamura will. Naturally, the intelligent house requires a new generation of home appliances, and a group of Japanese companies hope that by the end of the century they will have perfected and put on the market 'intelligent' home appliances which crudely imitate human thinking. For example, they already have a prototype of an intelligent washing-machine which adjusts the temperature, length, and soapiness of the wash, depending on the fabrics and how dirty it thinks the laundry is, and if all goes well, it won't be long before we can buy a television set that raises or lowers its volume when it senses the viewer moving from or towards the set. The revolution goes beyond convenience and in five years' time the same group of companies will have introduced an intelligent super-bed with sensors which will monitor you heart rate, weight, body temperature, and blood pressure. Another sensor will perform analysis and tell you if anything is wrong, and in ten years' time they will have perfected a system to transmit all this information to a computer in a medical centre for further analysis. If the success of other Japanese products is anything to go by, home automation will affect us all in the near future – or will it? I rather like being in control – don't you?
     
Ex. 3 Complete the phrases with the necessary words.

In the automated house:
-  the windows will … depending on the weather ;
-  the curtains will … and the lights will … when it gets dark;
-  the windows and doors will … not to disturb the neighbors if you want to play the drums  at night;
-  the intelligent kitchen will show you how to … ;
- a television set will raise or lower the … when the viewer  … to or from the set.
- a super bed will sensor your … , perform … and … all the information to the computer in the medical centre for further analysis.

Ex. 4 Answer the following questions.

1	How long has Dr. Nakamura been working on his thinking house?
2	When will he have completed the first three?
3	How will the house be controlled?
4	Give two examples of what his house will be able to do.
5	When will Japanese companies have perfected and marketed:
-	an intelligent washing-machine, 
-	an intelligent super-bed.

Ex. 5 Write a composition (200-300 words) on the topic: My attitude to home automation.

      Part  6  Shopping

      Unit 1 Topical Vocabulary and Lexical Exercises

      Topical Vocabulary
	
     Types of shops: grocer’s, baker’s, butcher’s, greengrocer's, dry goods store, dairy products, chemist’s, newsagent’s, florist’s, off – license shop, boutique etc.
     Central Department Store: linen and underwear, stationery, haberdashery, hosiery, leather-wear, furs, knitwear, ready-made clothes, perfumery, household goods, crockery,  china, electric appliances, gift and souvenir department, hats, millinery, textiles, glassware, jewelers, toys, deli, men's outfitter's,  CD shop, florist's.
     In the shop: purchase,  to buy on hire purchase, a counter, a check-out counter, foodstuffs, a shop-window, to be on sale, to be (of) the latest fashion, a shop-assistant, salesman, to suit, to fit, to become, a price, to buy at a certain price, a cash-desk, a till, a cashier, a receipt, a sales slip, a queue, consumer goods, a customer, a supervisor, a label, a tag –  ярлык, a trolley cart, loose (too wide), tight, smooth, cut, style, to try on, to run out of, to stand in the line, to be on the list, to cover the expenses, cash (наличные), currency, currency exchange, change – мелочь, сдача, coin, expensive, dear, cheap,  to display, to haggle over the price, bargain deal – выгодная сделка,  retail price – цена в розницу,wholesale price –цена при покупке оптом, reduction – скидка, shopping mall – крытый торговый центр, chain store – один из филиалов, rag fair, boot fair  – "толкучка", show-case, case – витрина-прилавок, shopping spree – "про-гулка" по магазинам с совершением многочисленных покупок и тратой больших сумм денег, impulse buying – незапланированная покупка, to be in (full) stock – быть в продаже, to be out of stock – не иметься в продаже, sales tax – налог на продажу, mark-down –уценка .
      Helpful words and phrases
closing (opening) time, 
to attend (to), to serve – обслуживать
to be stock size – иметь стандартную фигуру,
to take size … gloves – носить … размер перчаток, 
to wear shoes size …  - носить размер обуви, 
to be dress size … - носить размер платья,
to be misfit – плохо сидеть , 
to come into fashion – войти в моду
all the vogue ['voug] – крик моды
dowdy  – непривлекательный
to afford – иметь возможность, быть в состоянии, позволить себе
to stock up – запасаться (продуктами),
to sell smth by weight – продавать на вес, by head – поштучно. 
     Idiomatic Expressions
to pay through the nose – платить бешеные деньги,
to pay the devil – поплатиться за что-то, 
to pay for one's whistle – дорого заплатить за свою прихоть,
to pay smb in his own coin – отплатить той же монетой, 
into the bargain – к тому же, в придачу, 
a bargain is a bargain – уговор дороже денег, 
no bargain (sl) – не бы весть что (о непривлекательном  человеке),
to sell smb short – подводить, продавать 
кого-то, to sell one's rival short –недооценивать противника, 
to buy a pig in a poke – купить кота в мешке,  
to make both ends meet – сводить концы с концами.

      Lexical Exercises

      Ex. 1 Match the definition in column A with the terms in column B.
                        
                                A
     1 available immediately for sale; 
     2 sheltered shopping area;
     3 lovely outing with much spending of money;
     4 reduction of price;
     5 thing acquired on terms advantageous for buyer;
     6 sudden tendency to buy without reflection;
     7 small fee added to the cost of purchases.	           
  B
a)	a mark-down;
b)	sales tax;
c)	bargain;
d)	impulse buying;
e)	shopping spree;
f)	shopping mall;
g)	in stock;
h)	out of stock;
i)	stall;
j)	booth.	

      Ex. 2 Fill in the blanks with the corresponding words (from the list below).

     A word of caution about … stores and … . Some … stores are not actually any … than other stores in the area. In others, the merchandise may not be less …, but shoddy and not worth the … charged. Some stores perpetually advertise …, even though they never have sold the merchandise at the "regular" … . A store may … something at a low price in the hope that if you come into the store, you will not only … that item but other items at … prices as well. To avoid this kind of trap, … prices at different stores to be sure you are actually getting a … . Do not buy something you do not need or want if you are shopping where some items are on … . Avoid … buying. It does not mean that you cannot find real … at … stores or at … ; it means that you must … carefully at all items.

      Price (2), cheaper, purchase, regular, discount (2), compare, advertise, shop, expensive, sale(s) (4), bargain (2) impulse, bargain(s) (2).

     Ex. 3 Name 10-12 things you might buy at: 

1 Men's outfitter's;
2 Household goods department;
3 Children's department;
4 Haberdasher's;
5 Textiles;
6 Shoe shop. 

     Ex. 4 Fill in prepositions or adverbs where necessary.

     1 What size do you take … hats? 2 What size … collars do you wear? 3 I'm afraid these shoes won't go very well … this gown. 4 What have you got … the latest things … skirts? 5 These slacks will stand no comparison … those beige corduroys. 6 This coat will last … years. 7 It wears well and it keeps … shape. 8 This leather is … very bad quality. 9 I should like a pair … black laced boots. 10 … What make are these high furlined boots? 11 Can you show me those shoes … snake skin? 12 Have you any like these, but … leather soles? 13 I like this silk … spots. 14 Cut … 5 metres, please. 15 3 metres … that striped print please. 16 I can never tell natural silk … artificial. 17 Let me try that parka … . 18 … what size are these vests? 19 Give me another  one, … 2 sizes bigger. 

      Ex. 5 What do we call:

      1 A very large self-service shop which deals with foods and household goods; 
      2 a shop, which sells liqueurs, spirits and wine; 
      3 a weighing instrument; 
      4 a wire-basket on wheels used in shops for transporting customers' purchases; 
      5 the space in the supermarket where goods on sale are displayed; 
      6 a machine in shops with a drawer for money, recording the amount of each sale. 

     Ex. 6 Give synonymous words or phrases for the following ones.

     To go with; dress, trousers, night dress; house coat, raincoat, rubber boots, to sell at a lower price; to buy a good-thing at a reasonable price, to suit smb (about some piece of clothes); sweet-shop; large self-service food store;  drug store; to spend a large amount of money when shopping; haven't enough money for smth; to buy; seller; buyer.

      Ex. 7 What do we say or do when:

      1 We don't feel comfortable in some garments;
      2 Somebody doesn't look smart in the clothes she/he is wearing; 
      3 We want to attend some showy event and haven't got proper clothes for the occasion; 
      4 We bought something off the regular price; 
      5 We decided not to buy the item we were looking at; 
      6 We want to see whether some garment fits;
      7 Our jumper doesn't shrink after washing.

      Ex. 8  Read the following dialogues, see the difference in usage of 'fit', 'suit', 'become' and 'match' and use them in your own dialogues with the fellow-students.
1
-	Why not buy this lovely dress? It's your size and the latest fashion.
-	I don't think it'll suit me. And the price is too high, I can't afford such
a sum at once.
-	But you may buy it bon hire-purchase.

2
-	Try on this velvet hat. Does it fit you?
-	No, it's too small. I need a size larger.

3
-	I think I'll take this pair of black shoes.
-	You'd better not. They won't match your new dress.
-	I can't agree with you. Black goes well with all colours.

4
-	Look, what a lovely hat Ann has on!
-	Yes, it awfully becomes her.

     Ex. 9 Fill in the blanks with "fit", "match", suit", "become".

     1 I don't feel comfortable in these shoes. Do you think they …me? 2 Could you show me a pair of gloves …my bag? 3 Buy a blue scarf; this colour …more than any other and … your coat. 4 The carpets should …the curtains. 5 She was wearing a brown dress with a hat and gloves … 6 Oh, yes, the size is all right; it … you very well but it does not … you to wear such a short skirt. 7 You should also have shoes that … well when you intend to go for a long walk. 8 Does the climate … you (your health)? 9 It does not … you to have your hair cut short.

     Ex. 10 Imagine you are a shop assistant. What would you do:

1	if the customer was impolite to you? 
2	if the customer could not choose a present for his friend?
3	if the customer could not remember the title of the book he'd like to  buy? 
4	if the customer forgot to pay for his purchase?
5	if the customer was too long in choosing a hat? 
6	if the customer chose a coat which was too loose for him?    

     Ex. 11 Read the dialogues. Dramatize them.
				
1
-    Will you show me those  black shoes?
-	Leather-soled or rubber-soled?
-	Those ones, black leather-soled shoes, please.
-	What size do you wear?
-	Thirty-eight.
-	Here you are.

                    2
-  Well, how do I look in this coat?
-	Very nice indeed. It suits you perfectly. And the material is of high
quality. It will wear for years, I am sure. 
-	Isn’t it too loose in the shoulders?
-	I wouldn’t say that. But you may try (on) a size smaller.
                                          
                                                       3
     -   Good morning, madam. What can I do for you?
-	A pound of apples at one shilling and these oranges for three
shillings.
-	Yes, madam. Wouldn’t you like some peaches? They are so juicy
and sweet. Just from the country.
-	I think I’ll take some. Add half a dozen.
-	Anything else, madam?
-	No, thank you.
             
               4
     -    Can you show me some blouses, please?
-	Will that light green one do?
-	I don’t care much for the colour. It’s rather too loud for me.
-	Here’s one a shade darker. 
-	Oh, that’s just the thing I’ve been looking for.

Ex. 12 Complete the dialogues.

1	At the stationery's.
-	I'd like some picture postcards. 
-	…
-	I'd like to have a look at them and I need some writing paper too.
-	…
-	I'll take these postcards and that writing paper. Can I get also stamps?
-	…
-	Is there a post near by?
-	…

2	At the department store.
-	I'd like to have a pair of woolen trousers.
-	…
-	I should like these in grey. Where could I try them on?
-	…

-	They are a bit too long. I'll have to try on another size. 
-	…
-	When would they be ready?
-	…
-	Well, then I'll take them.

     Ex. 13 Discuss with your mate the following situations.

a)	You are going to do some shopping. You are not sure whether there
is enough food in your refrigerator.
b)	 Have a talk with your friend about the latest fashion and style in
clothes and shoes.
c)	Act as an interpreter  and help an Englishman in his talk with a shop-
assistant at the ready-made clothes' department.

     Unit 2 Where to Buy?

      Pretext Exercises

     Ex. 1 Explain who or what is: 

      Supermarket; assistant; bargain; junk; shopkeeper; stock; local community.

     Ex. 2 Read the text and while reading write out all the places where
one can shop and mention their advantages and disadvantages. 

      TEXT A    DIFFERENT PLACES TO DO THE SHOPPING

      The supermarket
      In practice, where you shop will depend on where you live, how much time you have and what shops are available. But what will suit you best will depend on what kind of person you are too. For example, the supermarket; this is very convenient if you are working as well as shopping for a family, because you can buy everything you need from one shop. There will also be a very good choice, as the shop has enough space to carry a large stock. You can take your time choosing what you want and have a good look round, because you are serving yourself. You can compare prices, too. Usually the standard of hygiene is high and the food will be fresh and wrapped. If you haven't made a shopping list, you are still unlikely to forget anything, as everything is displayed.
     A machine will add up the prices when you reach the exit, but you should nevertheless check that the items have been correctly entered on the slip of paper that is your bill. When you are at home check the goods and the prices again. Do this as you unpack them if you want to keep an account. If you find you have overspent when you are at the paying counter, you can return some of the goods.
     If you know what you want and choose a time of day when you won't have to queue too long to pay, you can do all your shopping very quickly. As most supermarkets are large and buy in bulk, they can afford to offer many genuine bargains and cut prices from time to time. 
     What about the disadvantages? In a supermarket it is very easy to overspend and buy much more than you set out to do. There are unlikely to be any helpful assistants to advise you if you cannot make up your mind – it's all very impersonal. You may find yourself falling for bargains which turn out not to be bargains at all; prices may be marked down, but unless you know how much you would pay elsewhere, you cannot tell whether it is a saving or not. Buying something you don't really want because there is a free artificial flower or plastic cup given away with it is unlikely to be a bargain. Then there is so much displayed and sometimes such a wealth of choice can be confusing – where can you begin? Or if you only want to buy flour and potatoes, it may be difficult to find them – they are likely to be tucked away at the back of the shop. You may even find that going into a large supermarket which has music playing in the background and lavish displays of tempting goods is like entering a dream world – and that you only wake up when you get to the cash register and ring up a large bill!
      Buying from barrows
      Some people prefer to buy from the street market. This is a place for browsing and enjoying the sights, sounds and smells. A good place, probably, for buying fresh, locally-produced food and flowers. A good place for looking for odds and ends that you may not be able to find in ordinary shops – but keep your wits about you, for there's sure to be a lot of junk. When you get to know a market, you will discover which stall holders are reliable and sell good produce at reasonable prices.
     Meet your friends here
     If you come from the country, or just out of town, the local general shop is probably the one you are familiar with. Where buses to town are not all that frequent the local shop provides all the essential goods needed by the local community together with a very personal service. The shopkeeper will know the family and will like to exchange news when you go to buy. And there you will meet all your neighbours, who enjoy a chat while waiting to be served. It's unlikely that you will be able to shop in a hurry, but you will probably be able to telephone an order from home and have it delivered. The shop may be open on Sundays and in the evenings as well. Your family's likes and dislikes will be very well known, so your friend, the shopkeeper, will always let you know when he has the kind of cheese you like or a good piece of ham. On the whole he is likely to have fewer bargains and a smaller choice of stock than larger shops in town, but he offers a very personal and convenient service to his customers who would otherwise have to spend bus fares going into town and have the bother of carrying a large load. As a regular customer, you will probably have the convenience of an account and pay him once a month.
     Take your choice
     You may enjoy a visit to town more, and if you prefer the High Street or main shopping centre, you will have a large choice of shops and goods. If you have time, you can look in all the windows and visit several shops, comparing prices and quality. As you get to know your own High Street, you will discover which shop is best for particular things. It is not always the most expensive-looking shops that charge the most. Sometimes these shops have items that you can't buy anywhere else – special cheeses or jams, for instance. Not all the cut-price shops really cut prices – it's up to you to find out what prices are generally reasonable. Through experience you will learn where you are likely to get the freshest food – in the supermarket, with its large turnover of stock, or perhaps at a market stall which may sell locally-produced vegetables.

      Exercises on the text

     Ex. 1 Comprehension questions on the text. 

1	What shopping places are available a) in town  b) in the country
2	What are the disadvantages of a supermarket?
3	Why is a supermarket compared with a dream world?
4	What food is best to buy from barrows?
5	What is the only place where you can have the conveniences of 
having an account and paying it once a month?
6	Why should you be careful about the cut-price shops? 

     Ex. 2 Agree or disagree with the following statements.  

1	The largest stock of goods can be found only in the supermarket.
2	The best fruit in season are available only in the High Street.
3	 Shopping in the supermarket is swift.
4	In the supermarket it isn’t easy to make up your mind what to buy as 
music playing in the background attracts your attention.
5	Keep your wits about you not to buy junk at the street market. 
6	You can have your provisions delivered both in town and in the country.
7	The shop keepers of a local village shop knows you family likes and dislikes.
8	The turnover of a local market is larger than that of a supermarket.
9	Going to different places and comparing prices and quality you may
choose the best place for you to shop.   

     Ex. 3 Enlarge on the following.

1	The atmosphere of a local village shop is very friendly.
2	Browsing along the stalls in the supermarket and enjoying the sights, 
sounds and smells is not the only advantage of this place.
3	If you want to find genuine bargains – go to the supermarket.
4	Keep your wits about you in the supermarket.
5	Only through your experience you are likely to get freshest fruit.   

Speech Exercises

     Ex. 1 Work in groups of 4. Choose one shopping place and try to prove it's the best place to make purchases. 

     Ex. 2 Make up situations with the following word – combinations. Give a title to each situation.

1)	to keep an account, to overspend, to queue, to make up your mind, to
be confused, in the background;
2)	to look for odds and ends, reliable stall-holders, at reasonable prices,
in season,  to browse, to exchange news;
3)	to order from home, to have something delivered, to let somebody
know, essential goods, bus fares, to pay the account;
4)	a large turnover, through one's experience, expensive – looking
shops, to be best for something, cut-price shops, to suit somebody best, to compare prices and quality.
      Ex. 3 Describe your visit to a supermarket. Use the following words and phrases.

     To go to a supermarket to buy …; to be back soon; not to have been there for more than 30 minutes; it's one of the best things about them; had I gone to half a dozen different shops I would have taken much longer; not to be overcrowded; brightly lit; well laid out; there is plenty of room for the customers to walk about; to move along the aisles of goods; to push one's little cart (or to carry a basket in one's hand); to fill it with packets; a few assistants; there is no need for many assistants; ready-packed; the goods are tidily arranged on trays and long shelves; the shelves are well stocked with a very wide selection of attractively packed goods; the goods are within easy reach; the price is printed on every packet; the prices are clearly marked; the assistants fill up (the) shelves and cases that become empty; they see that everything has a price stamped on it.

     Ex. 4 Write a composition about the places to go shopping in our city.  

     Unit 3 Buying a Present

     Pretext Exercises

      Ex. 1 Translate into Russian, make up sentences with these expressions.
 
     To be on sale, a suitable purchase, the window-dressing, in the way of clothes, commercial counters, to run out of something, to produce a receipt, to stand in the line, to join the queue.

Use the following conversational phrases:
I must confess, to tell you the truth, frankly speaking, I must admit.

     Ex. 2 Read text A and find where it is mentioned about:

     The central department store, a shop assistant, the process of making a purchase, the grocer's.
      TEXT A     IN THE DEPARTMENT STORE

     My friend will have a birthday party in a week, so I have decided to look for a birthday present for her. I went to the Central Department Store which is situated in the centre of our city. It’s a multistoried building where one can get everything in the way of food and manufactured goods. I must confess it was so difficult to make a suitable purchase in such a huge shop with a lot of counters and shelves. When I arrived at the Central Department Store I first admired the window dressing. Then I went along the ground floor and looked into the shop – windows of the grocery, where I could see all kinds of food stuffs: meat, fish, tinned food, sausage, fruit, wine, sweets, chocolates, etc. There were some commercial counters on the ground floor and I found myself in a fantastic motley city of different things. Then I went upstairs to the first floor, where I couldn’t help admiring at seeing various goods. There were on sale: haberdashery, stationery, hosiery, leather-wear, knitwear. To tell you the truth, I was impressed by a great choice of silk skirts and shirts, different kinds of frocks and coats, leather boots and shoes, woolen pullovers and sweaters, jeans and suits, jackets and blouses, bags and wallets. There one can get everything in the way of clothes wanted by men, women and children: footwear, knitwear, ready-made clothes, furs, and what not. I admired the cut and the style of a light summer frock. It was the latest fashion and I made up my mind to try it on. A pleasant-looking shop-assistant proposed me to put the frock on and look in the mirror. But unfortunately it was a bit loose on me and did not suit me perfectly. On the second floor of the Department Store I could see all kinds of household utensils: crockery, china, electric appliances, cutlery, pots and pans, vacuum-cleaners, washing-machines, cameras, radio and television sets, computers, stereo cassette recorders and many other things one may want in the house. Besides, there were perfumery, florist’s gift and souvenir departments. The shop-assistant suggested looking at a beautiful water-colour. I liked that nice picture very much and I was sure my friend would like it too. The price of the present was not very high, I must admit. So I paid the money at the cash-desk. The cashier gave me a receipt and I came up to the shop-assistant with it again. I produced my receipt and obtained a wrapped parcel with a picture. She thanked me and added they were always glad to see me at their shop. I felt very excited at the thought that I had bought a very nice birthday present and left the shop. 
     On my way home I suddenly remembered that my mother had given me a few errands. 
     We’ve run out of bread and I had to drop in at the baker’s to buy a loaf of white bread, a loaf of brown one, five rolls and half a dozen small cakes. There was a long queue at the grocer’s, but I had nothing to do but stand in the line for half an hour to buy a kilo of sugar and some sausage. Then I bought some fruit (bananas and apples) at the vegetable stall near the bus stop. 
     I was lucky to buy everything I wanted. Frankly speaking I like to go shopping. 

     Speech Exercises

     Ex. 1 Say whether the statements are true or false.

1	The Central Department Store is a two storied building where you can get everything in the way of food and manufactured goods.
2	It's not a problem to make a suitable purchase.
3	The Department Store is a fantastic motley city of different things.
4	You can get everything in the way of clothes but not for children.
5	What I admired most was the colour of a summer frock.
6	It suited me perfectly.
7	I chose a water-colour but I couldn't afford it as it was very expensive.
8	After producing my receipt I got a wrapped parcel with a shirt.
9	I dropped in at the baker's to buy a loaf of bread.

     Ex. 2 Say what else you can buy in a big Department Store.

     Ex. 3 Compare our Central Department Store with the one described.

     Ex. 4 You are invited to a birthday party. Discuss with your group-mate what present will be the most suitable for the occasion and what department you are going to visit.

      Unit 4  New Trends in Shopping

      Pretext Exercises

      Ex. 1 Answer the questions.

      1 Do you like to go shopping? Why? 
      2  Are you always satisfied with the shops you visit? 
      3  How would you like to improve the process of shopping?

      Ex. 2 Read text A and while doing it find the phrases synonymous
 to the following ones.

     Appealing, attractive, to stop, to be involved, to do smth without being able to stop wanting to, to make things easier, to go window shopping, to be pressed for time, to doubt, smth that I like very much, to make smb do what you want. 

     TEXT A    I’M ADDICTED TO SHOPPING FROM HOME

     Shopping from your living room used to be decidedly unglamorous. But with the explosion of top quality catalogues, the Internet and TV shopping channels. That's not the case any more … 
 Ali Quinn 38, from Surbiton, Surrey, is married to Paddy, 50. She's 
a commUnity nurse and they have two children.                                                 My nickname at home is Catalogue Quinn. Paddy thinks it's hilarious that I'm so addicted to catalogue shopping. Before we married five years ago, I wasn't the least bit interested in any of the catalogue that arrives with the weekend papers. Now, though, Paddy throws them across the room to me and I spend the next half-hour fantasying about what I can buy from McCord or The Costwold Company.
     As I was working long hours, this was easier said than done. I didn't have time to wander around the shops – and if I had, I'd never have found all the wonderful things I've now bought from catalogue land. 
     Since having children my life has been so chaotic and I'm so short of time that I scour the catalogues for anything that will help simplify things. I also do virtually all my gift shopping from catalogues. The only things I don't buy from catalogues are my own clothes. I used to but I found that they often didn't fit the way I wanted them to, so now I force myself to go clothes shopping. But the children's clothes come from catalogues and I even bought a sofa from Argos catalogue because it saved Paddy and me from spending our day off together trekking around department stores. Maybe one day I'll convert to Internet shopping but there's something special about being able to curl up in an armchair with a catalogue on your knees, your shopping list in one hand and a cup of coffee in the other.
      Val Moody, 57, from Peterborough, is married to Brian, 56. The couple have two grown-up children.	                                                                                                          I've always been a shopaholic – I get a real thrill out of buying something new and I can't help buying on impulse if I see something that really takes my fancy. But four years ago I had major surgery on my back and I was laid up in bed for several weeks. I was so bored that the only thing I could do to fill the time was flick between TV channels. Then one day while I was doing this, I discovered the world of TV shopping and since then, I haven't looked back. Even though I'm now back on my feet, I'm still a total TV shopping addict. I spend at least three hours a day watching the shopping channels, Ideal World TV, and I shell out around 5000 pounds a month on goods I've seen advertised on it. We don't have a mortgage to pay but my daughter Lisa thinks I'm mad. She asked the other day why I've bought myself another bread maker. I explained that the one I've already got (also bought from TV shopping) takes two hours to make bread and this new one takes just 58 minutes. I couldn't resist it. The great thing is that, unlike department stores where the assistants never seem to know anything about the products they are selling, on TV you get a complete demonstration of the item before you buy it. I'm always on the lookout for more new cleaning equipment – we've got four Great Danes, a small dog and four cats. So far I've bought six vacuum cleaners and a fantastic steam cleaner that does everything from curtains and carpets to work surfaces and the oven! My husband is a plumber and he always needs new tools. They come up for sale on the TV a lot, so I buy him anything useful I see. I've never been a browser and I can't understand anyone who goes window shopping when the shops are closed. Why bother if you can't buy anything? No, for me the buzz is in the purchase and if it's a bargain, I've got to have it.
Sharon Burns, 27, from Woking in Surrey, is a marketing director. She's engaged to Kieron, 28.	    Without the Internet, I'd be the world's worst shopper. I used to work in the West End of London but I found it so stressful at lunchtimes trying to beat my way through the crowds, make a halfway decent purchase and get back to my office in time, that I gave up altogether. Then, about four years ago, I discovered the Internet shopping and I was hooked. I started by buying books and CDs for my mum. She lives in Coventry and sending presents to her was always a hassle. But by shopping online, I could get gifts directly to her – and I could afford to buy more too because prices were so competitive. I then started doing all my food shopping online. Having worked in finance in the past, I know your credit details are safer on the Net than over the phone, so I've never had any qualms about that. I shop every week at Tesco's website – it only takes a few minutes to do and my groceries are delivered to my kitchen, saving me trouble of having to lug them upstairs to my second-floor flat. People wonder how I can bear to let someone else choose my vegetables and fruit. What if they're bruised or overripe? Well, I get round that by making fussy notes on every order, I even state the sell-by date I want. I've bought everything from theatre tickets and holidays to Kieron's engagement present online. One thing I'm still waiting for is an online clothes facility that will tempt me away from old-fashioned department stores. So far I haven't plucked up the courage to buy clothes online because I know that if they don't fit I'll have to deal with returning them. But I've dipped my toes in the water by visiting a shoe website, so I'm sure it's just a matter of time before I finally take the plunge!

     Exercises on the text

     Ex. 1 Think of the possible attributes to the word "shopping".

     (catalogue, gift, clothes, Internet, TV, window, food, online)

     Ex. 2 Give English equivalents to the following words and phases.

Фактически, скоротать время, тащить сумки наверх, перехитрить, 
собраться с духом, тщательно просматривать каталоги, легче сказать, чем сделать, рекламировать, покупать одежду по компьютеру.

Speech Exercises

     Ex. 1 Explain in your own words.

     Shopaholic, mortgage, browser, a bargain, I couldn't resist it, to make a halfway decent purchase, shopping online, prices are competitive.

      Ex. 2 Talk about the advantages and disadvantages of:
      a) buying things from catalogues; b) shopping online.
      Ex. 3 Give expanded answers to the following questions. Express your opinion. 

      1   Do you think that TV advertisements influence people?
      2  If you had a possibility which kind of shopping would you prefer: shopping from catalogues or shopping online?

     Ex. 4 Write an essay: "New trends in shopping”.

      Part 7 Leisure Time, Entertainments, Holidays

      Unit 1 Leisure Time and Entertainments 
 
      Pretext Exercises

     Ex. 1 Study the topical vocabulary.

leisure				holiday camp
leisure hours                           be on holiday
leisure time                             spend holidays
leisure activity	                   holiday resort
spare time			          go to a holiday camp
go out				 hostel
stay-at-home		          caravan holiday
favourite occupation		 hire a comfortable caravan
hobby                                      seaside towns
enjoy oneself			 holiday time	
enjoy a party		          be popular with
enjoyment				 walking holiday
enjoyable				 permanent buildings
entertainment			 carpentry
entertain			          creative type
have a good time 		 fresh spirits
completely passive		 get value from
recreation		                    daily avocation

 Ex. 2 Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined  phrases. 

      1   For most men work is a great necessity in order to gain a living.
      2  There are two kinds of people: some are completely passive during leisure hours, others have a  creative type of character.
      3   For a creative type of character leisure hours are full of promise.
      4  Many people, from lack of money are obliged to spend their holidays in the same surroundings as their working days.
      5  Many a man gets full value from his leisure by contemplating nature. 

      Ex. 3 Before reading the text answer the questions.
      
1	Can a man’s character be told by the way he uses his leisure?
2	What is your favourite occupation in leisure time?

      Ex. 4 Read text A, consider whether leisure should be refreshment and find out what is the true use of leisure.

TEXT A   THE USE OF LEISURE

      By the way in which the man uses his leisure his character can be told – more surely in all probability than by the way he does his work. For most men work is necessity in order to gain a living. Vast numbers of men have not even been able to choose what work they would do, but have been forced by economic necessity to take the first job that came their way. But in their leisure time they do what they really want to do and their real selves are reflected in their actions.
      Some people are completely passive during leisure hours. If such people go out they go to some place of entertainment where no effort is required by them, a cinema or a dancing hall, and if the latter, they do not dance but simply sit and watch others dancing.
      A different type of person hurries home from work full of eagerness to begin on some scheme which he has been planning for his leisure time. Perhaps his hobby is carpentry or model engineering, or gardening, or he might wish to write, or to study some subject in which he is interested. This is a creative type of character. For him his leisure hours are full of promise and he can look back on them with satisfaction when he reviews what he has achieved in them.
       Leisure should be refreshment; it should send a man out with fresh spirits to battle with the problems of life. Sometimes this freshness comes not from doing anything, but by filling one’s mind with fresh spirits of beauty. Many a man gets full value from his leisure by contemplating nature, listening to music, or reading noble books. By this sort of occupation he may not have made anything that he can show, but he has none the less recreated his own source of inspiration and made his own mind a richer and fuller treasure house. This is the true use of leisure.
      Holidays and how to spend them
The whole point of a holiday is that it should be a change. Most people like a change of scene; if they live up-country, they like to go to a big town and spend their time looking at shops and visiting cinemas and museums and art galleries, and having gay evenings at hotels and dances; if they are city-dwellers, they like a quiet holiday in the hills or by the sea, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and lie in the sun.
      But such changes of scenes are usually expensive, and many people, from lack of money are obliged to spend their holidays in the same surroundings as their working days. What can they do to make their period rest a real holiday?
      The best thing is to choose some form of occupation entirely different from their daily avocation. The whole virtue of holiday is to bring a change of scene and occupation.

       Exercises on the text      

      Ex. 1 Find in the text equivalents to the following words and phrases.

      Досуг, огромное количество, свежие источники красоты, садо-водство, полный стремления, место развлечения, собственный источник вдохновения, творческая личность, свое настоящее Я, род занятий, смена места и рода занятий, недостаток денег.

      Ex. 2 Develop the ideas.

       1   By the way in which the man uses his leisure his character can be told.
      2   Some people are completely passive during leisure hours.
      3   Active people have a creative type of character.
      4   Leisure should be refreshment. 
       5   The true use of leisure is to recreate a person’s own source of inspiration.
      6   People living up-country like to go to a big town to spend their holidays and leisure time.
      7   People who are city-dwellers like a quiet holiday.
      8   The whole virtue of holiday is a change it gives.

      Speech Exercises

      Ex. 1  Describe:

      a) a creative type of character;
      b) a passive type of character. 
      Give some examples.

      Ex. 2 Answer the questions.
  
1	What type of character are you?
2   Do you spend your leisure hours passively or are they full of promise? 
3   Do you consider yourself a person who gets full value from his
leisure by contemplating nature ?
4   What is your most preferable way of spending leisure hours and
holidays? Do you have a real hobby?

      Ex. 3 Study the following text and express your opinion whether we live in an age of increasing leisure.  

     According to a magazine article I read recently, we now live in an age of increasing leisure. Not only are more and more people reaching retirement age with their taste for enjoyment and even adventure relatively intact, but the working week is becoming shorter and the opportunities  for  leisure  are becoming greater and greater all the time. Not to mention the fact that people  tend to spend less time travelling to work or may even be working from home. What I can’t understand, however, is who these people are. As far as I can tell the whole thing is another one of those journalistic fictions. I admit  that there are a lot of retired people nowadays but I am not sure that all of them are dashing about learning hang-gliding or sailing single-handed  round the world. My own parents seem to spend most of their time gazing at the television. And as for the shorter working week, I wish someone wound remind my company about it. I seem to be working longer and longer hours all the time. The little leisure time I have is eaten into by sitting in traffic jams or waiting for trains to line up at rain-swept platforms. I haven’t noticed any dramatic improvements in my lifestyle either, but perhaps I just have to wait until I get my pension.  

      Ex. 3 Are you always looking forward to summer or winter holidays? Which is more enjoyable in your opinion? Scan text  B and talk why people like or dislike the idea of spending holidays in winter.

      TEXT B     ON HOLIDAYS

      Many people think about holidays in January. They begin to make plans. They talk about places and ideas… .  January is a cold month in many countries, and February is even worse! Christmas is over. The New Year has begun. So people begin to dream.
      Some people like winter holidays. If they live near mountains they probably go skiing. Some people can ski every weekend, but others go for a walk and have a real holiday.
      Not everybody likes winter holidays, though. Many people dream of the sun and warm beaches. And other people like to do things when they are on holiday. They want to learn a foreign language or visit famous places, or go climbing. Some people like to spend their holidays with a lot of other people; others prefer to go on their own.
      Even if we all have different ideas about an ideal holiday, we all have to face two problems: time and money. In some countries, people have a three weeks holiday each year, in other countries, it is four weeks and teachers often have twelve weeks! Some people like to have one long holiday each year; others prefer to have two short ones.

      Ex. 4 Write a two-page essay “If I had much free time and money I would …”

      Unit 2 Holiday Making

       Pretext Exercises    

      Ex. 1 Answer the questions. 

1	Do you like to spend holidays in summer?  Why?
2	Which do you prefer: to spend your holidays in the place you live or
go to some other places / abroad?

      Ex. 2 Do you know what is:

      a) a holiday camp;    b) a caravan camp;     c) a youth hostel.
      Consult the dictionary for more detailed information if necessary.

      Ex. 3 Read the text and while doing it find in the text words and phrases synonymous to the following ones.

Costs of living in a hotel; to get acquainted with; to enjoy oneself; a trailer; to take care of; during a month; to wash the dishes; to do the room; hostels for youth; to be anxious about.
      TEXT A   HOLIDAY MAKING

      Today people seem to like crowds, they wish to meet and make friends with as many people as possible. 
       Hotels at the large seaside towns on the south coast, such as Folkestone, Hastings, Brighton and Bournemouth, are expensive. July and August are the two months when hotel rates are the highest.
      You can soon make friends at a hotel, but if you want to meet lots of English people, you might like to go to a holiday camp. That doesn’t mean sleeping, and eating in tents. The kind of holiday camp is nothing like an army camp that Everest climbers live in. Holiday camps in England are permanent buildings with every modern convenience and comfort. There are wooden cabins with good beds, electric light, running hot and cold water. There are large buildings – a dining hall, a large hall for dancing (and good dance bands), a cinema, a theatre, a bar, a cafй, rooms for games such as billiards. In fact there is, in the camp, everything you want. The camp usually has its own swimming-pool and tennis courts. Some camps are large enough for a thousand people; others take a much smaller number. A camp of medium size takes about five hundred guests. You might find it interesting and amusing to meet the kind of people who go on holiday camps. There are lots of children. There are nurses to look after small children, so that the parents can be free to amuse themselves. That’s one reason why holiday camps are popular with married couples who have very young children. They not only get a holiday from work, but also a holiday from the children. There’s a lot to be said for that!
      There is another suggestion – a caravan holiday. You can hire quite a comfortable caravan for a couple of weeks. There’s a caravan association that would give you information about the places where you could stay. There are caravan camps all round the coast, and at these you can get water and other things you need. A caravan holiday wouldn’t be lonely, as you might think at first. Every evening you’d be in a camp with lots of other people. They’re all very friendly. Of course you’d have to cook. You can see a lot of places in a month, or, if you wish, stay in one place for several days and then move on to another place.
      If you are young you can have a walking holiday. Walking holidays are much cheaper than any other kind of holiday. I’m sure you know about the Youth Hostels Association. It’s international. There are hostels all over England now and thousands of young people use them. Members of the Association get beds for several pounds a night and meals are very cheap indeed. Members can even take their own food to the hostels and cook it in the kitchen. They have to help by sweeping and cleaning the rooms, or washing up after meals. But that’s not a hardship, is it? You can meet young people of all class -factory workers, office workers, shop girls, college students, and many young people from European countries. A walking holiday depends on the weather, of course. Nobody can promise you good weather!
     You needn’t walk. Cyclists are allowed to stay at our youth hostels. But you’re not allowed to stay in them if you arrive in a car, or a moto-cycle or moto-scooter. In youth hostels you don’t have to worry about clothes. Any old clothes will do, but at a hotel you need to be well dressed. 
 
      Exercises on the text

      Ex. 1 Explain what is meant by:

      Hotel rates are the highest; permanent buildings; a camp of medium size takes about five hundred guests; the parents can be free to amuse themselves; to hire a caravan; a few pounds a week; there’s a lot to be said for that; you have to help by sweeping and cleaning the rooms, or washing up after meals; the Youth Hostels Association; any old clothes will do. 
     
      Ex. 2 Give English equivalents to the following words and phrases.

      Дешевый, здания со всеми современными условиями, зал для танцев, бассейн, теннисный корт,  подружиться с, причина, присмотреть за маленькими детьми, взять на прокат, быть популярным среди, по всему побережью, действительно дешевый, зависеть от погоды, быть хорошо одетым, беспокоиться.

      Speech Exercises

      Ex. 1 Talk about pluses and minuses of spending a holiday in:
a)	a hotel;
b)	a  holiday camp;
c)	a caravan;
d)	a youth hostel.

       Ex. 2 Write a two-page composition about your idea of spending a holiday in summer.

      Литература

      1  Аракин, В. Д. Практический курс английского языка. 1 курс : учебник для пед. вузов по спец. “ Иностр. яз. ” / В. Д. Аракин [ и др.];  под ред. В. Д. Аракина. – М. :  Владос, 2000. – 350 с.
      2   Гужва, Т. Английский язык. Разговорные темы / Т. Гужва. – Киев: Тандем,1995. – 230с.
      3   Дроздова, Т. Ю.  Everyday English : учебное пособие для студентов гуманитарных вузов  /  Т. Ю.  Дроздова  [ и  др.];   под     ред. Т. Ю. Дроздовой. –  СПб.: Антология, 2003. – 656 с.
      4   Ловгач, Г. В. Weather.  Практическое  пособие  длля студентов 1 курса специальности “Английский язык” / Г. В. Ловгач, Т. М. Поз-някова. – Гомель: ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины,  2004. –  60с.
      5   Ловгач, Г. В.Наш дом.  Пособие по практике устной и письменной речи для студентов 1 курса факультета иностранных языков /  Г. В. Ловгач, Т. М. Познякова.  –   Гомель: ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины, 2001. –  45с.
      6  Лузгина, С. Contact English, Part I, II / С. Лузгина [и др.]. –   Мн.: Высшая школа, 1993. – 79 с.
      7   Матюшкина-Герке, Т. И.  Английский язык. Учебник для 1 курса филологических факультетов университетов / Т. И. Матюшкина-Герке. – М.: Высшая школа, 1990. – 356с.
      8  Настольная книга преподавателя иностранного языка: справ.       пособие / Е. А. Маслыко [ и др.];  под ред. Е. А. Маслыко. – Мн. : Вышэйшая школа, 1987. – 445 с.
      9  Пароятникова,  А. Д. Английский язык : учебник для гуманитарных факультетов университетов / А. Д. Пароятникова, М. Ю. Полевая. – М.: Высшая школа,1990. – 241с.
      10  Повловецкий, В. М. Учебное пособие по английскому языку "Read, Learn, Discuss" / В. М. Повловецкий. – СПб.: Питер, 1997. – 367 с.
      11  Познякова, Т. М. Daily Actions. Пособие по практике устной и письменной речи для студентов 1 курса специальности “Английский язык” / Т. М. Познякова, Г. В. Ловгач. – Гомель: ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины,  2001. – 52 с.
      12 Познякова, Т.М. Education. Практическое пособие для студентов 1 курса  специальности “Английский язык” / Т. М. Познякова, Г. В. Ловгач, В. Г. Гуд.– Гомель: ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины,  2005. –  60 с.
      13  Потемкина, С. А. Shopping. Практическое пособие для студентов 1 курса специальности “Английский язык”/ С. А. Потемкина,  Т. М. Познякова, Г. В. Ловгач. – Гомель: ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины, 2001. – 61 с.
      14    Сидоренко, Г. И.  Разговорный английский язык / Г. И. Сидоренко, И. А. Клыс. – Мн.: Экоперспектива, 1997. – 184с.
      15   Фролова, Г. М. Учебник английского языка для 1 курса языкового вуза / Г. М. Фролова [ и др.];  под ред. Г. М. Фроловой. – М.:  ИЛБИ, 1997. – 334 с.
      16   Hornby, A. S.  Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English / A. S. Hornby with A.P. Cowie. – Oxford, 1982. – 750 р.

Учебное  издание

Гуд  Валентина Гавриловна
Ловгач Галина Владимировна

 ПРАКТИКА УСТНОЙ И ПИСЬМЕННОЙ 
АНГЛИЙСКОЙ РЕЧИ 

Практическое пособие для слушателей
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Подписано в печать  22.01.2009 г. (4) Формат  60х84  1/16. Бумага писчая  №1. Гарнитура “Таймс”. Усл. печ. л. 6,8. Уч.- изд. л.5,2. Тираж  25 экз.

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